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The Tuyuhun (Chinese: 吐谷渾) were a nomadic tribe of East Asia who flourished in the 4th-7th centuries were a powerful tribe roaming the area of modern Qinghai and Gansu and were originally related to the Xianbei. It was named after its founder Murong Tuyuhun (慕容吐谷渾), an older brother of Former Yan's ancestor Murong Hui. Their empire was also known as A-zha in Tibetan and Henanguo 河南國 by the Chinese. At times, it was also known as Bailan (白蘭). The tent-living Tuyuhun were experts in horse breeding but also conducted agriculture. As a realm just between the Chinese empires in the east (Northern Wei, and the Southern dynasties) and the other steppe tribes like the Rouran and the Gaoche, the Tuyuhun acted as envoys and traders, and many Buddhist missionaries and travelers crossed their country. It was founded roughly in 285 by Murong Tuyuhun. In the 6th century, its chieftain Murong Kualü adopted the title of Khagan (可汗) and challenged the armies of the Chinese empires. However, by the 7th century, the Tang Dynasty were in power and were able to control the Tuyuhun territory and installed khans on their own will. In 663 the Tibetian empire of Tufan destroyed the capital Fuqi (伏俟) (west of Qinghai Lake), and by 672, its lands had been seized by Tufan, and its last khan Murong Nuohebo became a Tang Dynasty general. The Tuyuhun escaped to the north and were resettled by the Tang government in the area of modern Ningxia and northern Shaanxi.
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