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In Sanskrit grammar a tatpuruşa (तत्पुरुष) compound is a dependent determinative compound, i.e. a compound XY meaning a type of Y which is related to X in a way corresponding to one of the grammatical cases of X.
There are many tatpuruşas (one for each of the noun cases, and a few others besides); in a tatpuruşa, one component is related to another. For example, "doghouse" is a dative compound, a house for a dog. It would be called a caturthī-tatpuruşa (caturthī refers to the fourth case — that is, the dative). The most frequent kind is the genitive tatpuruşa. Examples are:-
varşa-bhogya = "year - going to be enjoyed" = "to be enjoyed for a year" (adjective). (accusative)
deva-datta = "god-given" = "given by the gods". (instrumental)
vişņu-bali = "Vishnu-offering" = "offering to Vishnu". (dative)
svarga-patita = "heaven-fallen" = "fallen from heaven". (ablative)
tat-puruşa = "that-man" in the sense of "that person's man". (genitive)
vyāghra-buddhi = "tiger-thought" = "thought of it being a tiger". (genitive)
yajur-veda = "sacrifice-knowledge" = "the knowledge of sacrifice", and the name of part of the Vedas. (genitive)
rudrākşa = rudra-akşa = "Rudra-eye" = "the eye of Rudra". (genitive)
raja-putra = "king-son" = "son of a king". (genitive)
gŗha-jata = "house-born" = "born in the house". (locative)
pūrvāhņa-kŗta = "morning-done" = "done in the morning". (locative)
The word "tatpuruşa" is an example of the type: see in the list above.
caturthī-tatpuruşa = "which is dative and a tatpuruşa". (nominative), but a nominative tatpuruşa is classed as a karmadhāraya.
Note: in Vedic Sanskrit rájaputra is a bahuvrihi and means "having a king as a son", and rajapútra is a tatpuruşa and means "king's son": notice where the Vedic udātta accent is.
Also a name of the front manifestation of a 5-faced Shiva lingam. Represents the peaceful and meditative form, also genderless. Associated with the element of air.
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