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Human spaceflight is spaceflight with a human crew and possibly passengers, which is in contrast to robotic space probes or remotely-controlled unmanned space missions. On occasion, passengers of other species have ridden aboard spacecraft, although not all survived the return to earth. Dogs, not humans, were the first large mammals launched from Earth. The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961; Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made one orbit around the earth; following the success of his flight, the head engineer of the Vostok program suggested the formation of women cosmonauts; Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space onboard Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963. The highest Earth orbit attained by a piloted vehicle was Gemini 11 in 1966, which reached a height of 1374 km. The Space Shuttle on the missions to launch and service the Hubble Space Telescope has also reached high earth orbit at an altitude of around 600 km. The only destination of human spaceflight missions beyond Earth orbit has been the Moon, which is itself in Earth orbit. On the first such mission, Apollo 8, the United States crew orbited the Moon. Apollo 10 was the next mission, and it tested the lunar landing craft in lunar orbit without actually landing. The six missions that landed were Apollo 11–17, excluding Apollo 13. On each mission, two of the three astronauts involved landed on the moon; thus, in the late 1960s and early 1970s NASA's Apollo program landed twelve men on the Moon—returning them all to Earth. As of 2006 piloted space missions have been carried out by the Soviet Union/Russia, the People's Republic of China, and the United States. Missions carried out by the United States are both governmental (National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)) and civilian (Scaled Composites, a California-based company). Japan has announced a program to place a person on the moon by 2025. Currently the following spacecraft and spaceports are used: In an attempt to win the $10 million X-Prize, numerous private companies attempted to build their own manned spacecraft capable of repeated sub-orbital flights. The first private spaceflight took place on June 21 2004, when SpaceShipOne conducted a sub-orbital flight. With its second flight within one week, SpaceShipOne captured the prize on October 4, 2004. Most of the time, the only humans in space are those aboard the International Space Station, whose crew of three spends up to six months at a time in low Earth orbit. NASA now uses the term "human spaceflight" to refer to its programme of launching people into space. Traditionally, these endeavours have been referred to as "manned space missions".
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