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36 BC - In the battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate.

301 - San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus.

590 - St. Gregory I becomes Pope.

1189 - Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionhearted") is crowned at Westminster.

1260 - The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.

1650 - Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar (1650)

1651 - Third English Civil War: Battle of Worcester - Charles II of England is defeated in the last main battle of the war.

1777 - Cooch's Bridge - Skirmish of American Revolutionary war in New Castle County, Delaware where the Flag of the United States was flown in battle for the first time.

1783 - American Revolutionary War: The war ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris by the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain.

1798 - Weeklong battle of St. George's Caye begun between Spanish and British off the coast of Belize.

1826 - The USS ''Vincennes'' commanded by William Finch, leaves New York City to become first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe.

1838 - Dressed in a sailor's uniform and carrying identification papers provided by a Free Black seaman, future abolitionist Frederick Douglass boards a train in Maryland on his way to freedom from slavery.

1855 - Indian Wars: In Nebraska, 700 soldiers under American General William S. Harney avenge the Grattan Massacre by attacking a Sioux village, killing 100 men, women, and children.

1861 - American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.

1874 - The congress of the state of México elevates Naucalpan to the category of Villa, with the title of "Villa de Juárez".

1878 - Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice collides with the Bywell Castle in the River Thames.

1892 - Nottingham Forest play their first ever football league game. It ended 2-2 against Everton FC.

1895 - The first professional American football game is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club. (Latrobe won the contest 12-0).

1914 - Giacomo della Chiesa acceeds to the papacy as Pope Benedict XV.

1929 - Dow Jones Industrial Average reached all time high at the time (381.17), which was shortly followed by the crash of 1929.

1933 - Yevgeniy Abalakov reaches the highest point of the Soviet Union - Communism Peak (7495 m).

1935 - Sir Malcolm Campbell reaches 304.331 miles per hour on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, becoming the first person to drive an automobile over 300 mph

1939 - World War II: France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia declare war on Germany.

1941 - John Gillespie Magee, Jr. authors the sonnet "High Flight".

1942 - World War II: Uprising of the Jewish ghetto in Lakhva occurs.

1943 - World War II: Mainland Italy is invaded by Allied forces for the first time in the war.

1944 - Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz, arriving three days later.

1951 - The first long-running American television soap opera, Search for Tomorrow, airs its first episode on the CBS network.

1954 - The People's Liberation Army begin shelling the ROC-controlled islands of Quemoy.

1958 - In Greece, police start shaving the hair of youths called "Teddy Boys" to the skin.

1967 - Nguyen Van Thieu is elected President of South Vietnam.

1967 - Dagen H in Sweden: traffic changes from driving on the left to driving on the right overnight

1976 - Viking program: The Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars and takes the first close-up, color photos of the planet's surface.

1991 - In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.

1994 - Sino-Soviet Split: Russia and the People's Republic of China agree to de-target their nuclear weapons against each other.

1997 - Arizona Governor Fife Symington is convicted for various crimes tied to his real estate business, effectively forcing him out of office.

1997 - A Vietnam Airlines Tupolev TU-134 crashes on approach into Phnom Penh airport, killing 64.

2004 - The Beslan school massacre ends in the deaths of approximately 344 people, mostly teachers and children.

2006 - American tennis legend Andre Agassi loses a third round US Open match against Benjamin Becker, thus retiring from his long pro tennis career.

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1034 - Emperor Go-Sanjo of Japan (d. 1073)

1499 - Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henri II of France (d. 1566)

1568 - Adriano Banchieri, Italian composer (d. 1634)

1675 - Paul Dudley, Attorney-General of Massachusetts (d. 1751)

1693 - Charles Radclyffe, British politician (d. 1746)

1695 - Pietro Locatelli, Italian composer (d. 1764)

1710 - Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (d. 1784)

1724 - Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, British soldier and Governor of Quebec (d. 1808)

1781 - Eugène de Beauharnais, son of Napoleon's wife, Josephine (d. 1824)

1810 - Paul Kane, Canadian painter (d. 1871)

1849 - Sarah Orne Jewett, American writer (d. 1909)

1856 - Louis Sullivan, American architect (d. 1924)

1859 - Jean Jaurès, French Socialist leader (d. 1914)

1869 - Fritz Pregl, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930)

1875 - Ferdinand Porsche, Austrian automotive engineer (d. 1951)

1887 - Frank Christian, American musician (d. 1973)

1897 - Sally Benson, American writer (d. 1972)

1899 - Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)

1900 - Maurice Dobb, British economist (d. 1976)

1900 - Urho Kekkonen, eighth President of Finland (d. 1986)

1901 - Eduard van Beinum, Dutch conductor (d. 1959)

1905 - Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)

1907 - Loren Eiseley, American anthropologist (d. 1977)

1908 - Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (d. 1988)

1910 - Kitty Carlisle, American actress and television personality

1911 - Bernard Mammes, American cyclist (d. 2000)

1913 - Alan Ladd, American actor (d. 1964)

1914 - Dixy Lee Ray, Governor of Washington State (d. 1994)

1916 - Eddie Stanky, baseball player (d. 1999)

1918 - Helen Wagner, American actress

1921 - Thurston Dart, English harpsichordist and conductor (d. 1971)

1923 - Mort Walker, American cartoonist

1926 - Irene Papas, Greek actress

1926 - Alison Lurie, American novelist

1928 - Gaston Thorn, President of the European Commission

1930 - Cherry Wilder, New Zealand author (d. 2002)

1931 - Dick Motta, American basketball coach

1933 - Tompall Glaser, American singer

1934 - Freddie King, AmericanmMusician (d. 1976)

1938 - Eileen Brennan, American actress

1938 - Caryl Churchill, English playwright

1938 - Ryoji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

1940 - Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan journalist

1941 - Sergei Dovlatov, Russian writer (d. 1990)

1942 - Al Jardine, American musician (the Beach Boys)

1943 - Valerie Perrine, American actress

1947 - Kjell Magne Bondevik, Prime Minister of Norway

1949 - Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria (d. 2004)

1950 - Doug Pinnick, American bassist and singer (King's X)

1953 - Jean-Pierre Jeunet, French film director

1955 - Steve Jones, English musician (Sex Pistols)

1957 - Garth Ancier, American television executive

1959 - Merritt Butrick, American actor (d. 1989)

1963 - Amber Lynn, American porn star

1964 - Junaid Jamshed, Pakistani singer

1964 - Adam Curry, Internet entrepreneur

1965 - Charlie Sheen, American actor

1969 - John Fugelsang, American actor

1969 - Dominic West, British actor

1970 - Gareth Southgate, English footballer

1974 - Clare Kramer, American actress

1975 - Cristobal Huet, French hockey player

1976 - Vivek Oberoi, Indian actor

1976 - Ashley Jones, American actress

1976 - Jevon Kearse, American football player

1977 - Olof Mellberg, Swedish footballer

1978 - John Curtis, English footballer

1979 - Tomo Milicevic, Croatian musician (30 Seconds to Mars)

1979 - Julio Cesar, Brazilian footballer

1980 - The B.G., American rapper

1980 - Jason McCaslin, Canadian bassist (Sum41)

1980 - Jennie Finch, American softball player

1980 - Daniel Ruben Bilos, Argentinian footballer

1981 - Fearne Cotton, British television presenter

1982 - Kaori Natori, Japanese singer and model

1982 - Andrew McMahon, American singer and songwriter

1985 - Scott Carson, English footballer

1985 - Kelvin Wilson, English footballer

1985 - Tiana Ringer, American professional wrestler

1986 - Shaun White, American snowboarder and skateboarder

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1402 - Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (b. 1351)

1420 - Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland

1592 - Robert Greene, English writer (b. 1558)

1634 - Edward Coke, English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (b. 1552)

1653 - Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (b. 1588)

1658 - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (b. 1599)

1662 - William Lenthall, English politician (b. 1591)

1720 - Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Galway, French soldier and diplomat (b. 1648)

1729 - Jean Hardouin, French scholar (b. 1646)

1766 - Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (b. 1686)

1808 - John Montgomery, American Continental Congressman (b. 1722)

1857 - John McLoughlin, Canadian trapper (b. 1784)

1860 - Aleksey Khomyakov, Russian poet (b. 1804)

1866 - Konstantin Flavitsky, Russian painter (b. 1830)

1883 - Ivan Turgenev, Russian author (b. 1818)

1893 - James Harrison, Scottish-born inventor (b. 1816)

1903 - Joseph Skipsey, British poet (b. 1832)

1914 - Albéric Magnard, French composer (b. 1865)

1948 - Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1884)

1962 - E. E. Cummings, American poet (b. 1894)

1963 - Louis MacNeice, Irish poet (b. 1907)

1964 - Stewart Holbrook, American author (b. 1893)

1967 - James Dunn, American actor (b. 1905)

1970 - Vince Lombardi, American football coach (b. 1913)

1970 - Al "Blind Owl" Wilson, American musician (Canned Heat) (b. 1943)

1974 - Harry Partch, American composer (b. 1901)

1980 - Duncan Renaldo, American actor (b. 1904)

1981 - Alec Waugh, English writer (b. 1898)

1987 - Morton Feldman, American composer (b. 1926)

1991 - Frank Capra, American film director (b. 1897)

1994 - James T. Aubrey, American television executive (b. 1918)

1996 - Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Australian artist (b. 1910)

2001 - Pauline Kael, American film critic (b. 1919)

2001 - Thuy Trang, American actress (b. 1973)

2003 - Paul Jennings Hill, American anti-abortion murderer (b. 1954)

2005 - Richard S.R. Fitter, British ornithologist and botanist (b. 1913)

2005 - William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1924)

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RC Saints - Pope Gregory I, Saint Marinus.

Qatar - Independence Day (from Great Britain, 1971).

San Marino - Foundation (301) by Saint Marinus.

Taiwan/Republic of China - Armed Forces Day.

Australia - Flag Day.

Tunisia - Memorial Day

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Date of death of Papa, subject of The Temptations hit record Papa Was a Rollin' Stone.