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The House of Romanov (Рома́нов, pronounced ) was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled Muscovy and the Russian Empire for five generations from 1613 to 1762. From 1762 to 1917 Russia was ruled by a combined branch of the House of Romanov and the House of Oldenburg, known as Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.
Origins The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one Andrei Kobyla, attested as a boyar in the service of Semyon I of Moscow. Later generations assigned to Kobyla the most illustrious pedigrees. At first it was claimed that he came to Moscow from Prussia in 1341, where his father had been a famous rebel. In the late 17th century, a fictional line of his descent from Julius Caesar was published. It's likely that Kobyla's origins were less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla Russian for mare, but his relatives were also nicknamed after horses and other house animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the royal equerries. One of Kobyla's sons, Fyodor, a boyar in the boyar duma of Dmitri Donskoi, was nicknamed Koshka (cat). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the former family became known as Yakovlev (Alexander Herzen being the most illustrious of them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Zakharin-Yuriev changed their name to Romanov. Rise to power
The era of dynastic crises
The Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Dynasty The Holstein-Gottorps of Russia, however, kept the surname Romanov and sought to emphasise their female-line descent from Peter the Great. Paul I was particularly proud to be great-grandson of the illustrious Russian monarch, although his German-born mother, Catherine II (of the House of Anhalt-Zerbst), insinuated in her memoirs that Paul's real father had been her lover Serge Saltykov. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, and disapproving of morganatic alliances, Paul established the house law of the Romanovs, one of the strictest in Europe. The consorts of Russian dynasts had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a sovereign house of Europe) and of the Orthodox faith. Otherwise their children forfeited all rights to the throne. Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg. Alexander I succeeded him on the throne, and later died without having left a male heir. Nicholas I, a brother of the latter monarch, was surprised to find himself on the throne. His era, like the one of Paul I, was marked by enormous attention to the army. Nonetheless, Russia lost the Crimean War, although it had some brilliant admirals on its side, including Pavel Nakhimov. Nicholas I fathered four sons, all of whom, he thought, could one day face the challenge of ruling Russia. Trying to prepare all the boys for the future, he provided an excellent education, especially a military one, for all of them. Alexander II became the next Russian emperor. Alexander was an educated, intelligent man, who held that his task was to keep peace in Europe and Russia. However, he believed only a country with a strong army could keep the peace. By paying attention to the army, giving much freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861, he gained much support (Finns still dearly remember him). His family life was not so happy- his beloved wife Maria Alexandrovna had serious problems with her lungs, which led to her death and to the dissolution of the close-knit family. On March 13, 1881, Alexander was killed after returning from a military parade. His carriage was struck by a hand-made bomb, luckily sparing the Tsar's life. However, he exited the carriage to examine what had happened, and was struck by a second bomb, this time resulting in his death. His assassin Ignacy Hryniewiecki was also mortally wounded. Alexander II was succeeded by his son Alexander III of Russia. A gigantic and imposing, if somewhat dull man, with great stamina and poor manners, Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened autocratic rule in Russia. Many of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed. Alexander, at his brother's death, not only inherited a throne, but a wife- Princess Dagmar of Denmark (Maria Fyodorovna). Despite contrasting natures and size, the pair got on famously, and produced six children. The eldest, Nicholas, became Tsar upon his father's sudden death (due to kidney disease) at age 49. Unready to inherit the throne, Nicholas himself said, "I am not ready, I do not want it. I am not a Tsar." Though an intelligent and kind-hearted man, lacking any preparation to rule, he continued his father's harsh polices. His Tsarina, the emotionally fragile German princess Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse, was also a liability. While the Tsar bustled about on the front lines during World War I, the stubborn, traditionalist Tsarina held sway in court and in government. Constantine Pavlovich and Michael Alexandrovich, although sometimes counted among Russian monarchs, were not crowned and never reigned. They both married morganatically, as did Alexander II. Six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line include: Paul (1796-1801), Alexander I (1801-1826), Nicholas I (1826-56), Alexander II (1856-81), Alexander III (1881-94), and Nicholas II (1894-1917). Downfall All these emperors (except Alexander III) had German-born consorts, a circumstance that cost the Romanovs their popularity during World War I. Nicholas's wife Alexandra Fyodorovna, although devoutly Orthodox, was particularly hated by the populace. Alexandra Fyodorovna brought to the Romanov family a mutated gene of her grandmother, Queen Victoria, which was responsible for her son's (the long-awaited heir to the throne, Alexei) hemophilia. Nicholas and Alexandra had 4 daughters (Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia). When the Romanov family celebrated the tercentenary of its rule, in 1913, the solemnities were clouded by numerous bad omens. Our Lady of St. Theodore, a patron icon of the family, blackened so badly that the image has been hardly visible ever since. Grigori Rasputin proclaimed that the Romanovs' power wouldn't last for a year after his death, and he was murdered by one of the Romanov Grand Dukes several months before the February Revolution of 1917, which actually dethroned Nicholas II. Bolshevik authorities murdered the last Romanov monarch, Nicholas II of Russia, and his immediate family in the cellar of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on July 17, 1918 (although some accounts suggested only Nicholas had been shot). Ironically, the Ipatiev House has the same name as the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian crown in 1613. The spot where the Ipatiev House once stood has recently been commemorated by a magnificent cathedral "on the blood". After years of controversy, Nikolai II and his family were proclaimed saints by the Russian Orthodox church in 2000. In 1991, the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, along with three of their five children as well as four of their servants, were exhumed from their graves of over 70 years (although some will always question the authenticity of these bones, despite DNA testing). The fact that two bodies were not present leads many people to believe that two Romanov children escaped the killings. Ever since there has been great debate as to which two children's bodies are missing. A Russian scientist made photographic superimpositions and determined that Maria and Alexei weren't accounted for. Later, an American scientist determined from dental, vertebral, and other remnants that it was Anastasia and Alexei that were missing. A great mystery surrounds Anastasia, and several films have even been made, including a 1997 full length animated feature by Twentieth Century Fox, suggesting that she lived. After the bodies were exhumed in June, 1991, they sat in laboratories for years while Russians fought over where they should be buried, Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A Russian commission eventually chose St. Petersburg and the last known direct Romanovs (as well as several loyal servants who died with them) were interred in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral near to the tombs of their ancestors. In September 2006, Empress Marie Fedorovna, the consort of Alexander III, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral beside her husband. Having fled Russia at the time of the Revolution, she had spent her remaining years in exile in her native Denmark, where she was initially buried in Roskilde Cathedral. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate set of ceremonies, including at St. Isaac's officiated by the Patriarch. For monarchists, the reburial of the Empress in the former imperial capital so many years after her death further underscored the downfall of the dynasty. Contemporary Romanovs The Romanov family continues to exist today. Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia is seen by many to have the strongest claim to the Russian throne. However, despite the collapse of the Soviet Union and campaigns by her supporters for recognition as the constitutional monarch, it seems unlikely that she will ever gain the throne. The Russian people have so far evidenced little popular support for the resurrection of a Russian monarchy, even on a constitutional basis. Maria Vladimirovna's father, Vladimir Cyrillovitch, was the last male dynast of the Romanov Family. The basis of which is the contention that all other males descended from Emperor Nicholas I of Russia married in violation of the House Laws with the result that their offspring did not possess any inheritance rights to the Russian throne. Under the Semi-Salic succession promulgated by Emperor Paul I of Russia, when the last male Romanov dynast died, the succession would pass to his closest female relative with valid succession rights. Contending that he was the last male Romanov dynast, Vladimir Cyrillovitch declared that his daughter would succeed as his closest female relation. Accordingly, when her father died in 1992, Maria succeeded as the Head of the Imperial Family of Russia on the basis of her assertion that she is now the last male-line descendant of any Russian emperor not to be of a morganatic marriage. T Maria Vladimirovna's claim to the throne is contested. The biggest objection is the assertion that although her father was a dynast, Maria Vladimirovna is not. They argue that the marriage of her parents, Vladimir Cyrillovich and Leonida Bagration-Mukharsky was not one between equals. The Bagration-Mukharskys were decended from the medieval Kings of Georgia, but since Georgia's incorporation into the Russian empire, had been regarded as nobility and not royalty in Russia. Maria and her defenders argue that the Bagration-Mukarskys were indeed royal, and that the marriage was between equals, and thus Maria is a dynast. One of her critics is the Romanov Family Association which claims as members all male-line descendants of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia. It is unclear how many of the claimed members actually participate in the association's activities. Maria and her late father clearly did not participate but were nevertheless listed as members. Prince Nicholas Romanov (who styles himself His Highness, Prince Nicholas Romanovich, Prince of Russia) is the president of the association. It is sometimes alleged that Prince Nicholas is the senior genealogical male-line descendant of Nicholas I, but it is difficult to see the basis for this claim since there are living male-line descendants of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Prince Nicholas is descended from one of Alexander II's younger brothers. Further reading See also | ||||||||||||
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