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Power steering is a system for reducing the steering effort on cars by using an external power source to assist in turning the wheels. Power steering was invented in the 1920s by Francis W. Davis and George Jessup in Waltham, Massachusetts. Chrysler Corporation introduced the first commercially available power steering system on the 1951 Chrysler Imperial under the name Hydraguide.
Hydraulic systems Most power steering systems work by using a belt driven pump to provide hydraulic pressure to the system. This hydraulic pressure is generated by a rotary-vane pump which is driven by the vehicle's engine. As the speed of the engine increases, the pressure in the hydraulic fluid also increases, hence a relief valve is incorporated into the system to allow excess pressure to be bled away. While the power steering is not being used, i.e. driving in a straight line, twin hydraulic lines provide equal pressure to both sides of the steering wheel gear. When torque is applied to the steering wheel, the hydraulic lines provide unequal pressures and hence assist in turning the wheels in the intended direction. Some more modern implementations of hydraulic systems also include an electronic pressure valve which can reduce the hydraulic pressure of the power steering lines as the vehicle's speed increases (Variable assist power steering), first seen on the Citroën SM in 1970 under the name DIRAVI. Electric systems Electric Power Steering, such as those found on the Acura NSX, and on most FIAT and Lancia cars, uses electric components. Sensors detect the motion and torque of the steering column and a computer module applies assistive power via an electric motor. This allows varying amounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions. Most notably on FIAT group cars the amount of assistance can be regulated using a button named "CITY" that switch between two different assist curves (boost curve), while on Volkswagen/Audi group cars, the amount of assistance is automatically regulated depending on vehicle speed. In the event of component failure, a mechanical linkage such as a rack and pinion serves as a back-up in a manner similar to that of hydraulic systems. The software in the computer module enables the flexibility of "tuning" the characteristics of the electric power steering system to suit the preference of the vehicle designers. The "feel" is often set a bit on the light side so a criticism commonly expressed is a lack of steering "feel". Electric power steering is limited to smaller vehicles. This is because the 12 volt electrical system is limited to 80 amps of current which, in turn, limits the size of the motor to less than 1 kilowatt. (12.5 volts times 80 amps equals 1000 watts) Vehicles such as trucks and SUVs require a larger power output. A new 42 volt electrical system standard may enable use of electric power steering on larger vehicles. Electric systems have a significant advantage in fuel efficiency because there is no hydraulic pump constantly running, whether assistance is required or not, and this is the main reason for their introduction. Electro-hydraulic systems So called "hybrid" systems use the same hydraulic assist technology as standard systems, with the hydraulic pressure being provided by an electric motor instead of a belt driven one. Those systems can be found in Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, MINI and some Mazda cars. See also | ||||||||
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