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Pan-European identity refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. Although 250 million Europeans are outside it, 'Europe' is inaccurately but widely used as a synonym for the European Union. The prefix pan implies that the identity applies at a continental or near-continental level, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with national. Historically, European culture has not led to a geopolitical unit, in the way that national cultures influenced the creation of nation-states. At present, European integration co-exists with national loyalties and national patriotism - as evidenced by the Eurostat Eurobarometer surveys on European identity and pride. Early expectations that people would "become European" and gradually abandon their national identity, have not materialised. On the contrary, a specific hostility to the European Union has developed: euroscepticism. 1999 Eurobarometer surveys show that only 6% in the EU combine feeling European with their national identity, with variations between the member states. The European Union has made some attempts to increase identification with 'Europe' (meaning the EU itself), and has introduced some European symbols. Hopes of a European patriotism Since the EU is not generally seen as a nation, a patriotism comparable to that of nation-states is not to be expected. Some people see that as an advantage, since it would allow for a 'constitutional patriotism' (Jürgen Habermas) directed toward the EU. • However in the early post-World War II period, and in the 1950s, there were those who believed that 'Europe' could develop a patriotism of its own. At the time the memory of Nazi propaganda with its emphasis on loyalty to Volk was still strong, and a European patriotism was seen primarily as a counter to national aggression. Two post-war speeches by Winston Churchill illustrate the views of the time, although Churchill was using "European" in the British sense - meaning continental Europe: "Why should there not be a European Group which could give a sense of enlarged patriotism?" Winston Churchill in Zürich, 19 September 1946 "We hope to see a Europe where men of every country will think as much of being a European as of belonging to their native land, and that without losing any of their love and loyalty of their birthplace. We hope wherever they go in this wide domain, to which we set no limits in the European Continent, they will truly feel 'Here I am at home. I am a citizen of this country too." Winston Churchill in Amsterdam, 9 May 1948 Europe seen from outside The definition of 'Europe' in both a geographical and cultural sense has always been debated, especially among Europeans themselves. American views The way the United States looks at Europe is changing too, given the last update of the CIA World Factbook. Its 2005 edition says the following about the European Union: There have been some significant changes to the latest edition of the World Factbook. The European Union is now included as an "Other" entity at the end of the listing. The European Union continues to accrue more nation-like characteristics for itself and so a separate listing was deemed appropriate. A fuller explanation may be found under the European Union Preliminary statement. • Chinese views Chinese views of the European future are developing. A paper published several years ago saw the European Union as a rising superpower, "poised to overtake both the United States and Japan as the biggest trade and investment force in China". Negative reactions in the Middle East An example of negative perception of 'Europe' as a unit came during the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades raided the European Union offices in Gaza, demanding apologies from Denmark and Norway. •. The protesting Palestinians evidently saw the cartoons as a 'European issue', more so than people in Europe itself, although the EU did ultimately issue a statement on the controversy. The idea of Europe A sense of European identity traditionally derives from the idea of a common European historical narrative. In turn, that is assumed to be the source of the most fundamental European values. Typically the 'common history' includes Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, the feudalism of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Age of Enlightenment, 19th century Liberalism and (sometimes) negative elements such as colonialism and the World Wars. Although supporters of European integration often appeal to the 'common heritage', notably in discussions on the European Constitution, its exact nature is disputed. It does not create a uniform perspective on politics and current affairs: Europeans continue to disagree with each other, as they have done for thousands of years. Note that the European heritage and values, in this typical form, is very similar to the supposed common history and heritage of the Western World. Countries with a European-immigrant majority can equally claim it, and secular conservatives in the United States emphasise it strongly. Maurits van der Veen comments: Some have argued that there is a shared European history and culture that all European share and whose particular contents and facts — from Charlemagne to Erasmus, from Napoleon to Hitler, from Dante to Shakespeare, etc. — help provide a shared consciousness. Of course, one may question to what degree this culture marks us as European rather than Western: more Australians and Americans probably read Shakespeare than do Germans or Italians, for example. The 'common heritage' also includes some controversial elements, above all Christianity. The European Convention rejected inclusion of a reference in the proposed European Constitution to Christianity and/or God. The text finally adopted in the Preamble reads: DRAWING INSPIRATION from the cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe, from which have developed the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person, freedom, democracy, equality and the rule of law,... This compromise text has not satisfied those who want to see European identity defined as Christian, and Christian values included in the European Constitution. German chancellor Angela Merkel reopened the issue in August 2006, supporting the campaign of Pope Benedict XVI to include reference to a specifically Christian heritage. In his controversial speech at Regensburg in September 2006, Pope Benedict emphasised both the European nature of Christianity, and the Christian nature of Europe: ... it is not surprising that Christianity, despite its origins and some significant developments in the East, finally took on its historically decisive character in Europe. We can also express this the other way around: this convergence, with the subsequent addition of the Roman heritage, created Europe and remains the foundation of what can rightly be called Europe. The European Christian Political Movement, an alliance of Christian parties, calls for specific values specified in the Declaration of Lakitelek to be adopted as European values. The discussion has important consequences for the accession of Turkey to the European Union. Pan-European identity in popular culture The common cultural heritage is commonly seen in terms of high culture. Examples of a contemporary pan-European culture are limited to some forms of popular culture: Deliberate attempts to use popular culture to promote identification with the EU have been controversial. In 1997, the European Commission distributed a comic strip titled The Raspberry Ice Cream War, aimed at children in schools. The EU office in London declined to distribute this in the UK, due to an expected unsympathetic reception for such views. * * Sport
European symbols The European continent does not have any universally recognized pan-European symbols, yet the European Union and the Council of Europe provides Europe as such with the basic symbols that most nation-states bear. Such symbols are: .EU domain name The .eu domain name extension was introduced in 2005 as a new symbol of European Union identity on the world wide web. The .eu domain's introduction campaign specifically uses the tagline "Your European Identity" . Registrants must be located within the European Union. A European Army and Police? In nation-states the national armed forces serve both as a unifying factor in themselves, and as a focus of patriotism. This factor is absent in the EU: most member states are members of a military alliance, the NATO, which is not 'European' but Atlantic in character. The European Union Force was founded in 2003. The goal is to have a permanent 60,000 person rapid reaction force by 2008. However, because of concerns about national sovereignty, there is no pan-European army, no EU policy to create one, and no prospect of one in the immediate or medium-term future. For similar reasons, the European criminal intelligence agency Europol (established July 1999) is not a European Police and is not intended to become one. Although it is sometimes described as the 'European FBI', it has no investigatory powers of its own, and works through national police forces. (The FBI investigates federal crimes in the United States, and since there is no 'European criminal law' there is no comparable investigatory role). Pan-European Projects In some cases identification with the EU might be promoted by pan-European projects. There are some 'pan-European' projects, most limited to the EU, others involving other Council of Europe member states. European Space Agency
European GPS: Galileo The ESA has launched the first set of satellites required for the Galileo GPS network. This is mainly a political decision by the EU to reduce dependence on American military technology and can thus be seen as as a political statement. The Galileo system is operated under civilian control, as opposed to GPS which is operated under American military control. It provides more precise navigation and coverage at higher latitudes. Airbus and Eurofighter Many argue that the success of Airbus has proved that European joint-projects can compete successfully with the United States, although there are still outstanding issues with the WTO over allegations of hidden and/or illegal subsidised financing of aircraft projects both for Airbus and Boeing. Although often described as 'European' in the sense of not being American, Airbus is not itself an EU project. (The increasing scale of aircraft manufacture has left only two producers of very large passenger aircraft, one in the United States and one in Europe). The Eurofighter is, like Airbus, an EADS project, in partnership with Alenia Aeronautica (Italy) and BAE Systems (United Kingdom). It is not an EU project, and in this case there is competition within Europe, since France, Sweden and Russia all manufacture competitor aircraft, which are in that sense equally 'European'. Books See also | |||||||||||
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