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The Shahanshah of Iran (King of Kings of Persia), also recognized by Shia Muslims as the rightful Caliph (a claim of universal rule, as their Zoroastrian Sassanid predecessors did often express by inserting in their title 'of Iran and Aniran (i.e. the rest of the world)').

The Great Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who also claimed the title of Caliph (a claim of religious authority, but only supported by Sunni Muslims; his Persian arch-rival was Shiite).

Over most of the Indian subcontinent (where there also was a Sanskrit version, Patisaha), the Mughal Sultan of Delhi as head of the vast (later British Indian) Moghul Empire. The title was also used by Muslim rulers over smaller parts of that subcontinent:

His challenger Tipu Sultan (in full Padshah bahadur; the addition bahadur, originally Mongolian for 'brave', always signifies a slightly higher rank, implicitely proclaiming himself the Mughal's superior) in Khudadad (in fact the realm of Mysore, which his father and he took over from the Hindu Maharaja, and neighbouring conquests), respected by the British as a valid military adversary but crushed (for siding with London's French rivals)

A former vassal of Delhi, the former Nawab (i.e. Mughal governor, turned hereditary prince) of Awadh=Oudh, who assumed independence at the instigation of the colonial paramount power, who in turn established a protectorate over him, ended the Mughal rule (by then merely nominal) and finally would claim imperial rank in chief of India for their own royal dynasty;

One ruler (predecessor styled Amir i shariat, successors (Khan and) Wali) of the tiny (one valley) Pakistani North West Frontier state of Swat from November 1918 to March 1926.^*

The King of Afghanistan: Pādshah i-Afghanistan in Persian Dari, then De Afghanistan Bacha in the Pashto language, official from 1937; not constantly used (at other times Emir (Amir al-Momenin) or Malik=King), only under the Mohammadzay segment of the Durrani dynasty.^*

The last Basha bey of Tunisia, Muhammad (VIII) al-Amin (ruling since 15 May 1943), adopted the sovereign style padshah 20 March 1956 - 25 July 1957.

H.M. Ahmad Shah Bahadur, Padshah-i-Ghazi, Dur-i-Durran ('pearl of pearls'), Padshah of Afghanistan 1747 - 1772

H.H. Rustam-i-Dauran, Aristu-i-Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan Bahadur Gufran Manzil, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi-i-Senliena, Iqtidar-i-Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad 1829 - 1857

Note that as many titles, the word was also often used as a name, either by nobles with other (in this case always lower) styles, or even by commoners

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