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1282 - Nichiren Daishonin, founder of the Nichiren School of Buddhism, dies. His ashes are interred at Taisekiji Temple.

1307 - Hundreds of Knights Templar in France are simultaneously arrested by agents of Phillip the Fair, to be later tortured into "admitting" heresy.

1582 - Due to the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.

1775 - The United States Continental Congress orders the establishment of the Continental Navy (later renamed the United States Navy).

1792 - In Washington, DC, the cornerstone of the United States Executive Mansion (known as the White House since 1818) is laid.

1812 - War of 1812: Battle of Queenston Heights - As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops led by Sir Isaac Brock.

1843 - In New York City, Henry Jones and 11 others found B'nai B'rith (the oldest Jewish service organization in the world).

1845 - A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution, that if accepted by the U.S. Congress, will make Texas a U.S. state.

1870 - The Kappa Kappa Gamma fraternity is founded at Monmouth College in Monmouth, Illinois, by six pioneering women.

1890 - The Delta Chi Fraternity is founded by 11 law students at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

1892 - Edward Emerson Barnard discovers D/1892 T1 (Barnard 3), the first comet discovered by photographic means, on the night of October 13-14.

1917 - The "Miracle of the Sun" is witnessed by an estimated 70,000 persons in the Cova da Iria in Fatima, Portugal.

1918 - Mehmed Talat Pasha and the Young Turk (C.U.P.) ministry resign and sign an armistice, ending Ottoman participation in World War I

1923 - Ankara replaces Istanbul as the capital of Turkey.

1943 - World War II: The new government of Italy sides with the Allies and declares war on Germany.

1944 - World War II: Riga, the capital of Latvia is taken over by the Red Army

1946 - France adopts the constitution of the Fourth Republic.

1958 - Burial of Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII on the 41st anniversary of the "Miracle of the Sun".

1960 - 1960 World Series: Baseballer Bill Mazeroski becomes the first person to end a World Series with a home run.

1962 - Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? opens on Broadway.

1965- The British rock band The Who first records their hit, My Generation.

1972 - An Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-62 crashed outside Moscow killing 176.

1972- Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crashes in the Andes mountains, in between the borders of Argentina and Chile. By December 23, 1972 all 16 survivors were rescued.

1973 - The British progressive rock band Family perform their last concert at Leicester Polytechnic in Leicester, England, prior to their disbandment.

1976 - A Bolivian Boeing 707 cargo jet crashes in Santa Cruz, Bolivia killing 100 (97, mostly children, killed on the ground)

1976 - The first electron micrograph of an Ebola viral particle was obtained by Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, who was then working at the C.D.C..

1977 - Four Palestinians hijack Lufthansa Flight 181 to Somalia and demand release of 11 members of the Red Army Faction.

1983 - Ameritech Mobile Communications (now Cingular) launched the first US cellular network in Chicago.

1999 - The United States Senate rejects ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).

2003 - The Public Library of Science commences publication of an open access scientific journal, PLoS Biology.

2006 - The Columbus Day Storm of 2006 drops over a foot of snow over the Great Lakes region. At least 400,000 people in Buffalo, NY alone were without power.

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709 - Emperor Kōnin Japan (d. 781)

1162 - Leonora of England, wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile (d. 1214)

1381 - Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1415)

1453 - Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (d. 1471)

1474 - Mariotto Albertinelli, Italian painter (d. 1515)

1566 - Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (d. 1643)

1696 - John Hervey, Lord Hervey, English statesman and writer (d. 1743)

1713 - Allan Ramsay, Scottish painter (d. 1784)

1714 - Pieter Burmann the Younger, Dutch philologist (d. 1778)

1821 - Rudolf Virchow, German physician, pathologist, biologist, and politician (d. 1902)

1853 - Lillie Langtry, British actress (d. 1929)

1862 - Mary Kingsley, English writer and explorer (d. 1900)

1876 - Rube Waddell, baseball player (d. 1914)

1880 - Sasha Cherny, Russian poet (d. 1932)

1887 - Jozef Tiso, Slovak politician (d. 1947)

1890 - Conrad Richter, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1968)

1902 - Arna Wendell Bontemps, American writer (d. 1973)

1907 - Yves Allégret, French film director (d. 1987)

1909 - Art Tatum, American jazz pianist (d. 1956)

1909 - Herbert Block, American cartoonist (d. 2001)

1911 - Ashok Kumar, Indian actor (d. 2001)

1915 - Terry Frost, English artist (d. 2003)

1915 - Cornel Wilde, American actor (d. 1989)

1917 - Laraine Day, American actor

1917 - Burr Tillstrom, American puppeteer (d. 1985)

1918 - Robert Hudson Walker, American actor (d. 1951)

1921 - Yves Montand, Italian-born singer and actor (d. 1991)

1923 - Faas Wilkes, Dutch football (soccer) player (d. 2006)

1924 - Nipsey Russell, American comedian, actor, and television personality (d. 2005)

1925 - Lenny Bruce, American comedian (d. 1966)

1925 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

1925 - Gustav Winckler, Danish singer (d. 1979)

1926 - Ray Brown, American jazz bassist (d. 2002)

1927 - Lee Konitz, American jazz saxophonist

1931 - Eddie Mathews, baseball player (d. 2001)

1931 - Raymond Kopa, French footballer

1932 - Jack Colvin, American actor (d. 2005)

1934 - Nana Mouskouri, Greek singer

1938 - Hugo Young, English journalist (d. 2003)

1939 - T. J. Cloutier, American poker player

1940 - Pharoah Sanders, American saxophonist

1941 - Paul Simon, American singer, songwriter, and guitarist

1942 - Jerry Jones, American football team owner

1942 - Pamela Tiffin, American film actress

1944 - Robert Lamm, American musician (Chicago)

1945 - Christophe, French singer

1946 - Edwina Currie, British politician

1947 - Sammy Hagar, American singer

1948 - Ted Poe, American politician

1948 - John Ford Coley, American musician

1949 - Tom Mees, Sports Broadcaster (d. 1996)

1950 - Dan Seals, American singer and songwriter

1953 - Pat Day, American jockey

1954 - Mordechai Vanunu, Israeli nuclear technician

1954 - Claude Ribbe, French historian

1954 - George Frazier, baseball player

1956 - Chris Carter, American television producer

1958 - Jair-Rohm Parker Wells, American musician and composer

1959 - Marie Osmond, American entertainer

1960 - Ari Fleischer, Former White House Press Secretary

1961 - Doc Rivers, basketball player and coach

1962 - T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh, American actress

1962 - Kelly Preston, American actress

1962 - Jerry Rice, American football star

1964 - Niè Hǎishèng, Chinese astronaut

1964 - Christopher Judge, American actor

1965 - Johan Museeuw, Belgian cyclist

1967 - Steve Vickers, English footballer

1967 - Scott Cooper, American baseball player

1968 - Carlos Marin, Spanish baritone (Il Divo)

1969 - Nancy Kerrigan, American figure skater

1969 - Cady McClain, American actress

1970 - Mel Jackson, actor and R&B musician

1971 - Sacha Baron Cohen, British comedian

1971 - Pyrros Dimas, Greek weightlifter

1971 - Billy Bush, American TV host

1972 - Summer Sanders, American Olympic swimmer

1973 - Brian Dawkins, American football player

1973 - Nanako Matsushima, Japanese actress

1973 - Matt Hughes, Mixed Martial Fighter

1974 - Hawick Lau, Chinese actor and singer

1974 - Joseph Utsler, American rapper (Insane Clown Posse)

1975 - Tom Anderson, American entrepreneur

1975 - David Kennedy, American musician (Boxcar Racer, Angels and Airwaves)

1977 - Paul Pierce, American basketball player

1977 - Gareth Batty, English cricketer

1978 - Jermaine O'Neal, American basketball player

1979 - Wes Brown, English footballer

1980 - Ashanti, American musician

1980 - Magne Hoset, Norwegian footballer

1980 - Scott Parker, English footballer

1981 - Ryan Ashford, English footballer

1982 - Michael Clayton, American football player

1982 - Ian Thorpe, Australian swimmer

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54 - Claudius, Roman Emperor (b. 10 BC)

1282 - Nichiren Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism (b. 1222)

1415 - Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (b. 1381)

1508 - Edmund de Ros, 11th Baron de Ros, English politician (b. 1446)

1605 - Theodore Beza, French theologian (b. 1519)

1673 - Kristoffer Gabel, Danish statesman (b. 1617)

1687 - Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer (b. 1633)

1694 - Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist (b. 1632)

1706 - Iyasus the Great, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1682)

1715 - Nicolas Malebranche, French philosopher (b. 1638)

1759 - John Henley, English minister (b. 1692)

1788 - Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent, Irish politician and poet (b. 1702)

1812 - Sir Isaac Brock, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1769)

1815 - Joachim Murat, French marshal and King of Naples (executed) (b. 1767)

1825 - King Maximilian I of Bavaria (b. 1756)

1869 - Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, French literary critic (b. 1804)

1882 - Arthur de Gobineau, French philosopher (b. 1816)

1890 - Samuel Freeman Miller, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1816)

1905 - Sir Henry Irving, the first British actor to be knighted (b. 1838)

1909 - Francisco Ferrer Guardia, Spanish free-thinker (b. 1849)

1917 - Florence La Badie, American actress

1919 - Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)

1931 - Ernst Didring, Swedish author (b. 1868)

1938 - E.C. Segar, American cartoonist (Popeye) (b. 1894)

1945 - Milton S. Hershey, American chocolate tycoon (b. 1857)

1950 - Ernest Haycox, American writer (b. 1899)

1955 - Manuel Ávila Camacho, President of Mexico (b. 1897)

1966 - Clifton Webb, American actor (b. 1889)

1968 - Bea Benaderet, American actress (b. 1906)

1971 - Stafford Smythe, National Hockey League executive

1974 - Ed Sullivan, American television personality (b. 1901)

1979 - Rebecca Clarke, English composer and violist (b. 1886)

1987 - Walter Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)

1987 - Kishore Kumar, Indian film playback singer and actor (b. 1929)

1990 - Le Duc Tho, Vietnamese general and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)

2000 - Jean Peters, American actress (b. 1926)

2002 - Stephen Ambrose, American historian and biographer (b. 1936)

2003 - Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)

2005 - Vivian Malone Jones, American civil rights activist (b. 1942)

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Roman lvals - Fontanalia: festival dedicated to Fontus

RC Saints - translation (1163) of Saint Edward the Confessor; memorial of Saint Gerald of Aurillac optional feast of Our Lady of Fatima

French Republican Calendar - Pêche (Peach) Day, twenty-second day in the Month of Vendémiaire