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A molecular cloud is a type of interstellar cloud whose density and size permits the formation of molecules, most commonly molecular hydrogen (H2). This molecule is difficult to detect, and the molecule most used to trace the H2 is CO (carbon monoxide). The ratio between CO luminosity and H2 mass is roughly constant, although there are reasons to doubt this assumption in observations of some other galaxies.•
Occurrence Within our own Galaxy molecular gas accounts for less than one percent of the volume of the interstellar medium )(ISM), yet it is also the densest part of the medium comprising roughly one-half of the total gas mass interior to the Sun's galatic orbit. The bulk of the molecular gas is contained in a molecular ring between 3.5 to 7.5 kiloparsecs from the centre of the galaxy (the Sun is about 8.5 kiloparces from the center). • Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) Vast assemblages of molecular gas with masses of 104–106 million times the mass of the sun are called Giant molecular clouds (GMC). The clouds can reach tens of parsec in diameter and have an average density of 102–103 particles per cubic centimetre (the average density in the solar vincinty is one particle per cubic centimetre). Substructure within these clouds is a complex pattern of filaments, sheets, bubbles, and irregular clumps. The densest parts of the filaments and clumps are called "molecular cores", whilst the densest molecular cores are, unsurprisingly, called "dense molecular cores" and have densities in excess of 104–106 particles per cubic centimeter. Observationally molecular cores are traced with carbon monoxide and dense cores are traced with ammonia. The concentration of dust within molecular cores is normally sufficient to block light from background stars such that they appear in silhouette as dark nebulae. GMCs are so large that "local" ones can cover a significant fraction of a constellation such that they are often referred to by the name of that constellation, e.g. the Orion Molecular Cloud (OMC) or the Taurus Molecular Cloud (TMC). These local GMCs are arrayed in a ring around the sun called the Gould Belt. http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0409096 Electronic preprintThe most massive collection of molecular clouds in the galaxy, the Sagittarius B2 complex, forms a ring around the galactic centre at a radius of 120 parsec. The Sagittarius region is chemically rich and is often used as an exemplar by astronomers searching for new molecules in interstellar space.Sagittarius B2 and its Line of Sight Small Molecular Clouds Isolated gravitationally bound small molecular clouds with masses less than a few hundred times the mass of the sun are called Bok globule. The densest parts of small molecular clouds are equivalent to the molecular cores found in GMCs and often included in the same studies. High Latitude Diffuse Molecular Clouds In 1984 IRAS identified a new type of diffuse molecular cloud.• These were diffuse filamentary clouds that are visible at high galactic latitudes (looking out of the plain of the galactic disc). These clouds would have a typical density of 30 particles per cubic centimeter.• Star Formation Main article: Star Formation To our knowledge, the creation of newborn stars in the current Universe occurs exclusively within molecular clouds. This is a natural consequence of their low temperatures and high densities, and of the observed evidence that the large, star-forming clouds are confined to a large degree by their own gravity (like stars, planets, and galaxies) rather than external pressure (like clouds in the sky). The evidence comes from the fact that the "turbulent" velocities inferred from CO linewidth scale in the same manner as the orbital velocity (a virial relation). Physics The physics of molecular clouds are poorly understood and much debated. Their internal motions are governed by turbulence in a cold, magnetized gas, for which the turbulent motions are highly supersonic but comparable to the speeds of magnetic disturbances. This state is thought to lose energy rapidly, requiring either an overall collapse or a steady reinjection of energy. At the same time, the clouds are known to be disrupted by some process—most likely the effects of massive stars—before a significant fraction of their mass has become stars. Molecular clouds, and especially "Giant" molecular clouds (GMCs), are often the home of astronomical masers. | ||||||||
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