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Mikvah (or mikveh) ( plural: mikva'ot or mikvot) is a "ritual bath" used for immersion in a purification ceremony within Judaism. Its main use nowadays is by Jewish women to achieve ritual purity after menstruation or childbirth. Immersion in a mikvah is also required during a traditional conversion to Judaism and in some cases for utensils used for eating and cooking.
History Traditionally, the mikvah was used by both men and women for various purposes. Everyone was required to go to the mikvah upon coming into contact with the dead or other ritually unclean (tamei) objects if they wanted to enter the temple area or eat Terumah. Nazirites were required to immerse in the mikvah upon completing their vows, lepers were required to immerse upon healing, priests were required to immerse before performing certain Temple rites, men were required to immerse after having a nocturnal emission (this is still practiced by some as tevilath Ezra, "the immersion of Ezra"), and women after giving birth or menstruating. Ancient mikvahs dating from Temple times (predating 70 CE) can be found throughout the Land of Israel, as well as in the diaspora. Present situation Today, among Orthodox Jews, only women are still required to immerse in a mikvah after childbirth or menstruation before they have intercourse with their husbands. In some Orthodox communities, men may immerse before their wedding. Women immerse themselves before the day of their wedding, after their last pre-wedding menstrual cycle in order to be ritually pure for their wedding night. Traditionally, converts to Judaism also immerse in the mikvah, although a minority of Reform rabbis do not require this. Some men, especially in Hasidic circles, also use the mikvah regularly, either daily, before Shabbat, or before certain Jewish holidays. Since a woman's use of the mikvah is a private matter, men and women may have separate mikvah facilities in separate locations, or have different designated times to use the same mikvah; however, according to halacha, when a man immerses into a mikvah, after having any seminal emissions, it does not need to be a 'kosher mikvah', in that it doesn't need to have rain water (or melted snow), and also doesn't require the "mem sa'eh" amount of water. The men's mikvah may be regular tap water because there is no halachic obligation on the man to become pure. This is not the case however when a convert immerses, they fall under the same legal requirement for purity as a woman, after her menstrual cycle. Orthodox Judaism also requires immersing vessels and utensils used for food in a kosher mikvah, when bought by a jew, from a gentile. Conservative Judaism still officially requires immersion in a mikvah under virtually the same circumstances as Orthodox Judaism, and Issac Klein's A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice contains chapters on the laws of women's immersion following menstruation and childbirth. Until the late nineties, these practices largely fell into disuse among Conservative Jews, although immersion continued to be practiced as part of conversion. In recent years, however, there has been some evidence of a resurgence of interest in the mikveh and its uses in Conservative, Reconstructionist and Reform circles. The Mayyim Hayyim Community Mikveh and Education Center in Boston * typifies this effort. Part of this resurgence focuses on extending the use of the mikveh beyond its traditional bounds to mark both joyful occasions (immersions for bar and bat mizvah candidates, for example) and processes of healing (cancer survivors, healing following a divorce, sexual abuse and other circumstances). A Jewish funeral home may have a mikvah for immersing a body during the purification (tahara) procedure before burial. Requirements of a mikvah The rules regarding the construction of mikvaot are complicated. The immersion itself must take place in a "ma'ayan" a spring or well. Certain rivers or lakes can therefore be used for immersion, but one should always check with a mikvah expert to be sure as to the status of a particular body of water. Standard bathtubs cannot be used. Alternately, rain water can also be used, and is the source of most mikvah water today. Though a certain amount of rainwater is required, this can be augmented with regular tap water, which has a connection to the pool of rain water. This later formula is often used so that the water used for immersion can be frequently changed. A pool of rainwater (bor) is connected with a duct to a regular bathing pool, and the duct is closed to empty and replace the regular water without having to replace the rain water. A mikvah must contain a minimum of forty se'ah of water, approximately 200 gallons or 750 liters. Reasons for immersion Except as noted, these are all required in modern times under the practice of Orthodox Judaism Requirements for immersion Immersion requires that the water cover the entire body. To make sure that water literally touches every part of the body, All clothing, jewelry, and even bandages must be removed. In contemporary mikvaot for women, there is always an experienced attendant, commonly called the "mikvah lady", to watch the immersion and ensure that the woman has been entirely covered in water. Hair There is some debate about the requirements for hair. In order to make sure that the water touches all parts of the hair, one cannot wear braids. The debate comes as to whether the hair must be combed straight so that there are no knots. Typically, Sephardic Jews are ethnically darker, with curly hair. This can be almost wiry, and difficult to comb. Black Jews also take issue with this primarily Ashkenazi stance, particularly when it comes to dreadlocks. One must consult their Rabbi to issue a psak (ruling). This ruling must be obtained in all instances, because it may vary even within a community, based on the person's hair. For example, a possible psak in favor of dreadlocks: See also | ||||||||
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