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Definition
Sheffer stroke The Sheffer stroke "|" is equivalent to the negation of conjunction: eg (A wedge B). The following truth table semantically defines |: The other logical operators can be defined in terms of '|', like so: eg A = A | A, ightarrow B = A | (B | B) = A | (A | B). Formal system based on the Sheffer stroke The following is an example of a formal system based entirely on the Sheffer stroke, yet having the functional expressiveness of the propositional logic: 1. Symbols A B C D E F G ' ( | ) The Sheffer stroke commutes but does not associate. Hence any formal system including the Sheffer stroke must also include a means of indicating grouping. We shall employ '(' and ')' to this effect. 2. Grammar The letters A, B, C, D, E, F and G are atoms. Any of these letters primed once or several times is also an atom (e.g. A', B′′, C′′′, D′′′′ are atoms). Construction Rule I: An atom is a well-formed formula (wff). Construction Rule II: If X and Y are wffs, then (X|Y) is a wff. Closure Rule: Any formulae which cannot be constructed by means of the first two Construction Rules is not a wff. The letters U, V, X, and Y are metavariables standing for wffs. A decision procedure for determining whether a formula is well-formed goes as follows: "deconstruct" the formula by applying the Construction Rules backwards, thereby breaking the formula into smaller subformulae. Then repeat this recursive deconstruction process to each of the subformulae. Eventually the formula should be reduced to its atoms, but if some subformula cannot be so reduced, then the formula is not a wff. 3. Axiom The following wffs are axiom schemata, which become axioms upon replacing all metavariables with wffs. THEN-1: (U|(U|(V|(U|U)))) 4. Inference rules Substitution of equivalents. Let the wff X contain one more instances of the subformula U. If U=V, then replacing one ore more instances of U in X by V does not alter the truth value of X. In particular, if X=Y is a theorem, this remains the case after any substitution of V for U. Commutativity: (X|Y) = (Y|X) Duality: If strings of the forms X and (X|X) both show up in a theorem, then if these two strings are swapped wherever they appear in the theorem, then the result will also be a theorem. Double Negation: ((X|X)|(X|X)) = X Mimesis: (U|(X|X)) = (U|(U|X)) THEN-3: (U|(U|(V|(V|X)))) = (V|(V|(U|(U|X)))) MP-1: U, (U|(V|X)) |- V MP-2: U, (U|(V|X)) |- X Note. The formula (U|(V|X)) has the interpretation U→V∧X. Modus ponens is the special case of MP-1 and MP-2 when V and X are identical. Simplification Since the only connective of this logic is |, the symbol | could be discarded altogether, leaving only the parentheses to group the letters. A pair of parentheses must always enclose a pair of wffs. Examples of theorems in this simplified notation are (A(A(B(B((AB)(AB)))))), (A(A((BB)(AA)))). The resemblance to the syntax of LISP is evident. The notation can be simplified further, by letting (U)= (UU) ((U)) U for any U. This simplification causes the need to change some rules: (1) more than two letters are allowed within parentheses, (2) letters or wffs within parentheses are allowed to commute, (3) repeated letters or wffs within a same set of parentheses can be eliminated. The result is a parenthetical version of the Peirce existential graphs. Logical operators Related topics | ||||||||||||||||||||
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