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Generally, localization is the determination of the locality (position) of an object.

Often, localization is the adaptation of an object to a locality. An example is in software localization, where the messages that a program presents to a user need to be translated into various languages. Language localization refers to the process of adapting a language for a specific country or region. Main article: Internationalization and localization

In economics, localization is a way to adapt products for non-native environments.

In telecommunications, localization is a technique for determining the location of a user of a GSM cell phone.

In mathematics, localization is a certain technique in abstract algebra; see also localization of a module, localization of a category.

In acoustics, sound localization describes how our ears find the direction of a sound source.

In web design and software, localization refers to the adaptation of language, content and design to reflect local cultural sensitivities.

In condensed matter physics, localization is the spatial confinement of particles in a structure.

In plasticity mechanics, localization refers to the concentration of strain deformation in the material as thin bands

In biology, localization of function refers to when different parts of an organ, tissue, cell, or other unit perform different tasks. It most often refers to localization of brain function.

In robotics, localization refers to the technique through which a robot can determine or update its location through analysis of sensor data. This is often done using sonar or by means of a laser range-finder.