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Several geo-political entities in the world have no general international recognition, but they are de facto sovereign states.
Most are subnational regions with an ethno-national identity of its own that have "broken off" (i.e. separated themselves) from their original parent state, and hence they are commonly referred to as "break-away" states. Some of these entities are in effect internally self-governing protectorates that enjoy military protection and informal diplomatic representation abroad through another state to prevent its forced reincorporation into its original state.
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Partially recognized states with de facto control over their territory
United Nations member states that are only partially recognized by the totality of the other UN members are listed here
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Unrecognized states with de facto control over their territory
Abkhazia in Georgia is a self-declared and partially functioning independent state; it is not recognised by any state. It is situated between the Caucasus and the Black Sea, recognized as a part of northwestern Georgia. After the occupation of independent Georgia by Soviet Russia in 1921 during the Russian Civil War Abkhazia was formally separated from Georgia for a brief time; during the Soviet period Abkhazia was merged back with Georgia in 1931 as an autonomous republic within Soviet Georgia. The Abkhazian Soviets proclaimed independence from Georgia in 1992 followed by a short war from 1992 to 1994. A June 1994 ceasefire remains, leaving Abkhazia outside the control of Tbilisi.
Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan is (since 1991) a self-declared and more or less functioning independent state with no international recognition from any other nation, including Armenia. It is internationally recognized as being part of Azerbaijan, but has an ethnic-Armenian majority.
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Unrecognized states with partial control over their territory
Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka is a self-declared independent state in the North East of the island with no international recognition from any other nation.
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Partially recognized states largely under military occupation
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Internationally administered territory
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Partially unrecognized states
The following states are all recognised by the majority of the world's sovereign states. Barring the Holy See, they are all members of the United Nations. They all conduct relations with the majority of the world's nations. However, some of them are not recognized by certain countries. These partially unrecognized states are:
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Europe
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Slovakia (1939-1945). Between these years, Slovakia was a puppet state of Nazi Germany. From 1918 until 1939, and again between 1945 and 1993, Slovakia was part of Czechoslovakia. Since 1993, Slovakia is an independent country.
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Asia
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Kachin State / Kachinland is the northernmost state of Myanmar, controlled since 1962 by the Kachin Independence Organization but not diplomatically recognized by any country. In 1994, KIO and the Union of Myanmar agreed to formalize the status quo by creating the "Kachin State Special Region 1", officially still a part of the Union of Myanmar but de facto controlled by KIO.
Tibet (1913-51). A unified Tibetan empire was created in the 8th century, and fell apart a century later. Mongol conquests in the 13th century made Tibet part of a Mongol-ruled Chinese empire, and four centuries later the Manchu-ruled Qing Dynasty again incorporated Tibet into China. * In 1913 the 13th Dalai Lama unilaterally declared independence * but two years later indicated his willingness to sign a treaty granting Chinese suzerainty over both "Inner Tibet" and "Outer Tibet" establishing direct rule over the former and leaving the latter autonomous. * Chinese sovereignty was confirmed by both Beijing and the Tibetans in 1951.
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Africa
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Americas
Confederate States of America (1861-1865). Originally formed by seven slave states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, and Louisiana). After the American Civil War began, the states of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina joined. Recognized internationally only by Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the Holy See , though recognized by some nations as a "belligerent power". Reintegrated into the United States.
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Oceania
Rotuma (1987-1988). This Polynesian-inhabited island which is administered by (Melanesian) Fiji declared its independence from Fiji by separatists after the military coups in Fiji in 1987. It did not have any substantive support.
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Historic unrecognized or partially recognized governments with de facto control over their territory
These regimes had control over the territory of a country for which most other states recognized a different government as being the legitimate government:
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Notes
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See also
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