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Hunting and Gathering techniques, also known as Foraging:

freeganism — involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment

gleaning — involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields

Cultivation:

Horticulture — plant cultivation, based on the use of simple tools.

subsistence agriculture — agricultural cultivation involving continuous use of arable (crop) land, and is more labor-intensive than horticulture.

Pastoralism, the raising of grazing animals:

Pastoral nomadism — all members of the pastoral society follow the herd throughout the year.

Transhumance or agro-pastoralism — part of the society follows the herd, while the other part maintains a home village.

Ranch agriculture — non-nomadic pastoralism with a defined territory

Alternative ends

people devote their time, resources, and energy to five broad categories of ends — subsistence, replacement, social, ceremonial, and rent.

Subsistence fund — work is done to replace calories lost through life activities.

Replacement fund — work is expended maintaining the technology necessary for life.

Social fund — work is expended to establish and maintain social ties.

Ceremonial fund — work is expended to fulfill ritual obligations.

Rent fund — work is expended to satisfy the obligations owed political or economic superiors.

Distribution and :

Redistribution

Reciprocity — exchange between social equals.

Potlatching — a widely studied ritual in which sponsors (helped by their entourages) gave away resources and manufactured wealth while generating prestige for themselves.

LETS — Local Exchange Trading Systems.

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List of alternative lifestyles

List of things which are neither production nor consumption

Staple food

Society