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Grand Upright Music, Ltd v. Warner Brothers Records, Inc., 780 F.Supp. 182 (S.D.N.Y. 1991), was a copyright case heard by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The court granted an injunction against the defendants to prevent further copyright infringement of the plaintiff's song by sampling and referred them for criminal prosecution. The judgment changed the hip hop music industry, requiring that any future music sampling be preapproved by the original copyright owners to avoid a lawsuit. Biz Markie, a rapper signed to Warner Brothers Records, had sampled three words and a portion of the music from the song "Alone Again (Naturally)" by singer/songwriter Gilbert O'Sullivan, for use in Markie's third album, I Need A Haircut. Biz Markie and his production and recording companies were listed as co-defendants with Warner Brothers in the subsequent lawsuit. Judge Kevin Thomas Duffy granted an injunction against the defendant, Warner Brothers Records, despite Warner Brothers' claim that Grand Upright did not own a valid copyright in the sampled song. Warner Brothers denied that Grand Upright owned the copyright to the song, though Grand Upright produced documentation that O'Sullivan had transferred title to them, and O'Sullivan himself testified to that regard. It also appears that the defendants unsuccessfully urged the court to take note of how common unapproved sampling was in the industry, because the court noted that "the defendants...would have this court believe that stealing is rampant in the music business and, for that reason, their conduct here should be excused." The decision received some criticism for stating that "the most persuasive evidence that the copyrights are valid and owned by the plaintiff" was that Warner Brothers had previously attempted to obtain permission to use the song. However, this would not legally establish that Grand Upright was in fact the owner, but only that Warner Brothers' believed that the song was copyrighted by someone, which would make their infringement knowing and willful. As Grand Upright had provided evidence that specifically established the copyright was theirs, the ruling did not hinge on this point, however. The court wrote that "it is clear that the defendants knew that they were violating the plaintiff's rights as well as the rights of others. Their only aim was to sell thousands upon thousands of records. This callous disregard for the law and for the rights of others requires not only the preliminary injunction sought by the plaintiff but also sterner measures." The judge then referred the matter to a United States Attorney for criminal prosecution due to the defendants' intentional copyright infringement. As a result of the court case, the sound of hip-hop music, heavily based upon combinations of various samples from various sources, was forced to change. Records such as those produced by The Bomb Squad for Public Enemy, filled with literally dozens of samples, were no longer possible: each and every sample had to be cleared to avoid legal action. Sample clearance fees prohibited the use of more than one or two samples for most recordings, with some original recording artists requesting up to 100% of the publishing for use of a sample. As a result interpolation (replaying the requested sample using new instrumentalists, and using the newly recorded version and simply paying the songwriters--and not the artist or the label--for use of the composition) became prevalent in the industry, especially in the work of Dr. Dre.
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