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The DoD model (DoD, Department of Defense), sometimes called the TCP/IP reference model, ARPANET reference model or the Internet reference model, is a layered abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design. It was created in the 1970s by DARPA for use in developing the Internet's protocols, and the structure of the Internet is still closely reflected by the DoD model. It has fewer, less rigidly defined layers than the commonly referenced OSI model, and thus provides an easier fit for real-world protocols. No document officially specifies the model; different names are given to the layers by different documents, and different numbers of layers are shown by different documents. There are versions of this model with four layers and with five layers. The four-layer version of the model has The five-layer version of the model splits Layer 1 into a Physical layer and a Network Access layer, corresponding to the physical layer and data link layer of the OSI model.
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