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Calabria (Latin: Bruttium or Brutium), is a region in southern Italy which occupies the "toe" of the Italian peninsula south of Naples. It is bounded in the north by the region of Basilicata, region of Sicily in SW, to the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea, and to the east by the Ionian Sea. The region covers 15,080 km² and has a population of 2 million. Capital is Catanzaro.
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Provinces
The region is divided into five provinces: Cosenza, Crotone, Reggio Calabria, Vibo Valentia, and Catanzaro.
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Geography
Calabria is crossed by the Apennines range, starting from the Sila plateau. The south tip of the range is the Aspromonte massif.
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History
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Calabria was first settled by Italic Oscan-speaking tribes. Two of these tribes included the Oenotri (roughly translated into the "vine-cultivators") and the Itali. Greek contact with the latter resulted in the entire peninsula (modern Italy) taking the name of the tribe.
Greeks settled heavily along the coast at an early date and several of their settlements, including the first Italian settle called Rhegion (Reggio Calabria), and the next ones Sybaris, Kroton (Crotone), and Locri, were numbered among the leading cities of Magna Graecia during the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Conquered by the Romans in the 3rd century BC, the region never regained its former prosperity.
The Greeks were conquered by the 3rd century BC by roving Oscan tribes from the north, including a branch of the Samnites called the Lucanians and an offshoot of the Lucanians called the Bruttii. The Bruttii established the main cities of Calabria, including the modern capital, Cosenza (then called Consentia).
After the fall of the Roman Empire the inhabitants were in large part driven inland by the spread of malaria and, from the early Middle Ages until the XVII century, by pirate raids. Calabria was devastated during the Gothic War before it came under the rule of a local dux for the Byzantine Empire. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Calabria, which had been the rich breadbasket of Rome before Egypt was conquered, was the borderland between Byzantine rule and the Arab emirs in Sicily, subject to raids and skirmishes, depopulated and demoralized, with vibrant Greek monasteries providing fortresses of culture. In the 1060s, Normans under the leadership of Robert Guiscard's brother Roger established a presence in this borderland, and organized a government along Byzantine lines that was run by the local Greek magnates of Calabria. In 1098, Pope Urban II bestowed on Roger the equivalence of an apostolic legate and the Hauteville clan formed the precursors of the Kingdom of Naples which in one form or another ruled Calabria until the unification of Italy. This kingdom itself came under many rulers: the Habsburg dynasties of both Spain and Austria; the French Bourbon dynasty, and briefly Napoleon's general Joachim Murat, who was executed in the small town of Pizzo.
Throughout all this Calabria remained a very rural and unexploited region. The Aspromonte, a mountainous region of southern Calabria, was the scene of a famous battle of the Risorgimento (unification of Italy), in which Garibaldi was wounded. Several important philosophers (namely, Bernardino Telesio from Cosenza, Gioacchino da Fiore from San Giovanni in Fiore, Tommaso Campanella from Stilo) came from Calabria, and famous Americans of Calabrian descent are almost too numerous to name. The seawater around Calabria is very clear, and there is a good level of tourist accommodation. The poet Gabriele d'Annunzio called the Sicily-facing seafront at Reggio "The most beautiful kilometer in Italy".
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Language
The official national language (since 1861) is Italian. However, as a consequence of its deep and colorful history, other historical languages have been spoken in this region for centuries. The various dialects are divided into two different language groups. In the northern sections, a dialect of the Neapolitan language called "northern Calabrese" is spoken. In the southern part of the region, a dialect of the Sicilian language called "southern Calabro" is spoken. In isolated pockets, as well as some quarters of Reggio Calabria, historical stronghold of the Greek language in Italy. a hybrid language that dates back to the 9th century, called Griko, is spoken. A variety of Franco-Provençal can also be found in certain communities. In several villages, the Arbëresh dialect of the Albanian language has been spoken since a wave of refugees settled there in the 15th century.
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Famous Calabresi
Pythagoras (non-native resident, mathematician and philosopher, founder of the pythagoreans)
Ibycus (lyric poet, included in the canonical list of nine Greek lyric poets)
Corrado Alvaro (20th cent. writer from San Luca in Reggio Calabria province, best known for: "Gente in Aspromonte")
Arnold M Abate Famous in the world of Construction, after emmigrating to the United States (Upstate New York, specifically). Known for his cigar (stogey).
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Airports
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Seaports
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Tourism sites
Tropea, on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast, is a beautiful town, with a nice seaside, and the S.Maria dell'Isola sanctuary. It is also renowned for its sweet red onions (mainly produced in Ricadi).
Gerace, near Locri, is a beautiful medieval city with a Norman castle and an ancient cathedral.
Squillace, a seaside resort and important archeological site
Cosenza, famous for its cultural institutions, the old quarter, a Romanesque Cathedral and a Swevian Castle.
Pizzo Calabro, on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast, surely much more beautiful than Tropea, its town known for its famous ice cream called "Tartufo", a world specialty. Interesting places are Repubblica Square, the Aragonian castle where Murat was killed, that points out in the Goulf of S.Eufemia.
The Sila, with its national park.
Soverato on the Ioian Sea, Also known as the "Pearl" of the Ionian Sea. Especialy reknown for its beaches, boardwalk and nightlife.
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Universities
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Food specialties
Food in Calabria is spicy and hot and includes lots of fresh fish, pasta and vegetables.•.
Rosamarina little fish marinated in a mix of oil, hot and mild red pepper,eaten with bread. very popular in the region of Provincia di Cosenza.
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Main football teams
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Popular culture
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