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the Republic of Azerbaijan, a current state in Eurasia:

formerly Azerbaijan SSR, a Soviet republic (1936–1991)

formerly part of the Transcaucasian SFSR, with Armenia and Georgia (1922–1936)

formerly Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, a short-lived republic (1918–1920)

formerly part of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, with Armenia and Georgia (1918)

Azarbaijan, a region in northern Iran, composed largely of four provinces:

East Azarbaijan

West Azarbaijan

Ardabil

Zanjan

Azerbaijan People's Government, a short-lived Soviet client state during its occupation of Iran (1945–1946)

Atropatene, also Media Atropatene, an historical region/polity

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Azerbaijani language

Azerbaijani people

Ancient Azari language

Medes

Arran

Caucasian Albania

Matiene, also Matiane, Matiani, Matieni, an historical region/polity