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8 - Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.

435 - Deposed Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of the Christological "heresy" (at the time) known as Nestorianism, was exiled by Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.

881 - Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu, where Louis III of France defeated the Vikings, an event celebrated in the poem Ludwigslied

1492 - Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.

1492 - The Jews of Spain are expelled by the Catholic Monarchs.

1527 - First known letter was sent from North America by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.

1635 - The third of the Tokugawa shoguns, Iemitsu, establishes the system of alternate attendance (sankin kotai) by which the feudal daimyō are required to spend one year at Edo Castle in Tokyo and one year back home at their feudal manor, while their families remained in Tokyo as virtual political hostages. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 21, 1635).

1645 - Thirty Years' War: Second Battle of Nördlingen (Battle of Allerheim) - A French army under the command of Louis de Bourbon, Duc d'Enghien and Marshal Henri, Vicomte de Turenne attacks and defeats an Imperial army, led by Field Marshal Franz, Freiherr von Mercy at Alerheim, near Nördlingen, Germany.

1678 - Robert LaSalle builds the Le Griffon, the first known ship built in America.

1783 - Mount Asama erupts in Japan, killing 35,000 people.

1860 - The Second Maori War begins in New Zealand.

1900 - Firestone Tire & Rubber Company founded.

1914 - World War I: Germany declares war against France.

1916 - World War I: Battle of Romani - Allied forces, under the command of Archibald Murray, defeat an attacking Ottoman army, under the command of Kress von Kressenstein, securing the Suez Canal, and beginning the Ottoman retreat from the Sinai.

1923 - The deceased Warren G. Harding succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge as the 30th President of the United States.

1934 - Adolf Hitler becomes the supreme leader of Germany by joining the offices of President and Chancellor into Führer.

1936 - Jesse Owens wins the 100 meter dash by defeating Ralph Metcalfe at Berlin Olympics.

1940 - World War II: Italy invades British Somaliland.

1946 - National Basketball Association is founded in the United States.

1948 - Whittaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss of being a communist and a spy for the Soviet Union.

1958 - The nuclear submarine USS ''Nautilus'' travels beneath the Arctic ice cap.

1960 - Niger gains independence from France.

1972 - U.S. Senate ratifies the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

1975 - A privately chartered Boeing 707 impacts the mountainside near Agadir, Morocco killing 188.

1977 - United States Senate Hearing on MKULTRA.

1981 - In the United States, Air traffic controllers affiliated with the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization walk off the job. President Ronald Reagan ultimately responds by firing those who ignore his order to return to work.

1981 - Senegalese opposition parties, under the leadership of Mamadou Dia, launches the Antiimperialist Action Front-Suxxali Reew Mi.

1996 - General William F. Garrison accepted responsibility for the outcome of the 1993 raid in Somalia, and he retired from military service.

1997 - Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria; 40-76 villagers killed.

2001 - The Real IRA detonate a car bomb in Ealing, London, U.K injuring seven people. (See 3 August 2001 Ealing bombing).

2004 - The pedestal of the Statue of Liberty reopens after being closed since the September 11, 2001 attacks.

2005 - President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya of Mauritania is overthrown in a military coup while attending the funeral of King Fahd in Saudi Arabia.

2006 - Pamela Anderson and Kid Rock, get married.

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1509 - Étienne Dolet, French scholar (d. 1546)

1604 - John Eliot, English missionary (d. 1690)

1692 - John Henley, English clergyman (d. 1759)

1770 - King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia (d. 1840)

1801 - Joseph Paxton, English gardener (d. 1865)

1808 - Hamilton Fish, American politician (d. 1893)

1811 - Elisha Graves Otis, American inventor (d. 1861)

1817 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (d. 1895)

1832 - Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer (d. 1914)

1856 - Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1919)

1860 - W.K. Dickson, Scottish inventor (d. 1935)

1867 - Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1947)

1872 - King Haakon VII of Norway (d. 1957)

1887 - Rupert Brooke, English poet (d. 1915)

1894 - Harry Heilmann, baseball player (d. 1951)

1899 - Louis Chiron, Monaco race car driver (d. 1979)

1900 - Ernie Pyle, American war correspondent (d. 1945)

1900 - John T. Scopes, American defendant (d. 1970)

1901 - Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński, Polish Catholic prelate (d. 1981)

1903 - Habib Bourguiba, Tunisian Politician (d. 2000)

1904 - Clifford D. Simak, American author (d. 1988)

1905 - Dolores del Rio, Mexican-born actress (d. 1983)

1905 - Franz Cardinal König, Austrian Catholic archbishop (d. 2004)

1916 - José Manuel Moreno, Argentine footballer (d. 1978)

1918 - Sidney Gottlieb, American CIA official (d. 1999)

1920 - P. D. James, English novelist

1920 - Hayden Carruth, American poet and literary critic

1923 - Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church

1924 - Leon Uris, American novelist (d. 2003)

1925 - Marv Levy, American football coach

1926 - Tony Bennett, American singer

1926 - Anthony Sampson, British journalist (d. 2004)

1927 - Gordon Scott, American actor

1934 - Haystacks Calhoun, wrestler (d. 1989)

1934 - Jonas Savimbi, Angolan political and rebel leader d. 2002)

1935 - Georgi Shonin, cosmonaut (d. 1997)

1936 - Edward Petherbridge, English actor

1937 - Steven Berkoff, British actor

1937 - Diane Wakoski, American poet

1938 - Terry Wogan, Irish television presenter

1939 - Jimmy Nicol, British musican

1940 - Lance Alworth, American football player

1940 - Martin Sheen, American actor

1941 - Beverly Lee, American singer (Shirelles)

1941 - Martha Stewart, American media personality

1946 - Jack Straw, British politician

1948 - Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France

1950 - John Landis, American film director

1951 - Marcel Dionne, Canadian hockey player

1951 - Jay North, American actor

1952 - Osvaldo Ardiles, Argentine footballer

1952 - Frank Schaeffer, American author, film director, screenwriter and public speaker

1957 - Mani Shankar, Indian film maker

1959 - John C. McGinley, American Actor

1959 - Martin Atkins, English drummer

1959 - Koichi Tanaka, Japanese scientist, Nobel laureate

1961 - Lee Rocker, American musician (Stray Cats)

1961 - Molly Hagan, American Actress

1963 - James Hetfield, American musician (Metallica)

1963 - Ed Roland, American musician (Collective Soul)

1964 - Lucky Dube, South African reggae musician

1966 - Eric "Butterbean" Esch, American boxer

1970 - Gina G, British singer

1971 - DJ Spinderella, American rapper (Salt-N-Pepa)

1972 - Sandis Ozolinsh, Latvian hockey player

1976 - Troy Glaus, American baseball player

1977 - Tom Brady, American football player

1978 - Mariusz Jop, Polish football player

1979 - Evangeline Lilly, Canadian fashion model/ actress

1984 - Jon Foster, American Actor

1986 - Charlotte Casiraghi, heir to the Monaco throne

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1181 - Pope Alexander III (b. 1105?)

1460 - King James II of Scotland (b. 1430)

1527 - Scaramuccia Trivulzio, Italian cardinal

1546 - Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (b. 1484)

1546 - Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (b. 1509)

1604 - Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish military commander

1621 - Guillaume du Vair, French writer (b. 1556)

1667 - Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor and architect (b. 1599)

1712 - Joshua Barnes, English scholar (b. 1654)

1720 - Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (b. 1641)

1721 - Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (b. 1648)

1761 - Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (b. 1691)

1773 - Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer (b. 1700)

1780 - Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher (b. 1715)

1792 - Richard Arkwright, English industrialist and inventor (b. 1732)

1797 - Jeffrey Amherst, British military commander (b. 1717)

1805 - Christopher Anstey, English writer (b. 1724)

1857 - Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804)

1867 - Philipp August Böckh, German scholar and antiquarian (b. 1785)

1877 - William Butler Ogden, American politician, 1st Mayor of Chicago (b.1805)

1879 - Joseph Severn, English painter (b. 1793)

1916 - Sir Roger Casement, Irish rebel (hanged) (b. 1864)

1917 - Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician (b. 1849)

1924 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-born writer (b. 1857)

1929 - Emil Berliner, German-born telephone and recording pioneer (b. 1851)

1929 - Thorstein Veblen, American economist (b. 1857)

1942 - Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize Laureate (b. 1872)

1954 - Colette, French writer (b. 1873)

1964 - Flannery O'Connor, American writer (b. 1925)

1966 - Lenny Bruce, American comedian (b. 1925)

1973 - Richard Marshall, U.S. Army general (b. 1895)

1977 - Alfred Lunt, American actor (b. 1892)

1977 - Makarios III, Archbishop and first President of Cyprus (b. 1913)

1979 - Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize Laureate (b. 1899)

1983 - Carolyn Jones, American actress (b. 1930)

1993 - Swami Chinmayananda, spread the teachings of Vedanta (b. 1916)

1995 - Ida Lupino, English actress and director (b. 1914)

1995 - Edward Whittemore, American writer (b. 1933)

1998 - Alfred Schnittke, Russian composer (b. 1934)

2001 - Christopher Hewett, British actor (b. 1922)

2002 - Carmen Silvera, British actress (b. 1922)

2003 - Roger Voudouris, American singer and songwriter (b. 1954)

2004 - Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (b. 1908)

2005 - Françoise d'Eaubonne, French feminist (b. 1920)

2005 - Steven Vincent, American journalist (b. 1955)

2006 - Arthur Lee, American psychedelic rock musician (b. 1945)

2006 - Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, German opera singer (b. 1915)

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Equatorial Guinea - Armed Forces Day.

Niger - Independence Day.

Jewish day of mourning, known as Tisha B'Av, of the destruction of the first - and the second temple in Jerusalem.

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Liturgical feasts
Roman Catholicism

Saint Abidon
Saint Gamaliel
Saint Nicodemus
Translation of Saint Olaf of Norway, king, martyr Norway
Saint Walthen, abbot of Melrose
Invention of saint Stephen common; Paris, in red