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In linguistics, ablative case (also called the sixth case) (abbreviated ABL) is a name given to cases in various languages whose common thread is that they mark motion away from something, though the details in each language may differ. The name "ablative" is derived from a Latin verb meaning "to carry away".
Latin The Latin ablative case (ablativus) has at least fifteen documented uses. Generalizing their function, however, ablatives modify or limit verbs by ideas of where (place), when (time), how (manner), etc. Hence, the case is sometimes also called the adverbial case; this can be quite literal, as phrases in ablative can be translated as adverbs. E.g. magnā (cum) celeritāte, literally "with great speed," may also be written "very quickly." Active motion away from a place is only one particular use of the ablative case and is called the ablative of place from which. Nouns, either proper or common, are almost always used in this sense with accompanying prepositions of ab/ā/abs, "from"; e/ē, "out of"; or dē, "down from". E.g. ex agrīs, "from the country"; ex Graeciā ad Italiam navigāvērunt, "They sailed from Greece to Italy." A closely related construction is called the ablative of separation. This usage of the ablative implies that some person or thing is separated from another. No active movement from one location to the next occurs; furthermore, ablatives of separation sometimes lack a preposition, particularly with certain verbs like cáreō or līberō. E.g. Cicerō hostēs ab urbe prohibuit, "Cicero kept the enemy away from the city"; Eōs timōre līberāvit, "He freed them from fear." The Latin ablative may also be used to indicate: Other known uses of the ablative include the ablatives of cause, of comparison, of degree of difference, of description, of place where, and of specification. Important: Not all ablatives can be categorized into the classes mentioned above! Some Latin prepositions, like pro, take a noun in the ablative. A few prepositions may take either an accusative or an ablative, in which case the accusative indicates motion towards, and the ablative indicates no motion. E.g. in casā, "in the cottage"; in casam, "into the cottage". Finnish In Finnish, the ablative case is the sixth of the locative cases with the meaning "from off of", e.g. pöytä — pöydältä "table — off from the table". It is an outer locative case, used just as the adessive and allative cases to denote both being on top of something and "being around the place" (as opposed to the inner locative case, the elative, which means "from out of" or "from the inside of"). The Finnish ablative is also used in Time Expressions to indicate start times as well as with verbs expressing feelings or emotions. The Finnish ablative has the ending -lta or -ltä according to the regular rules of vocal harmony. Usage Katolta Off of the roof Pöydältä Off of the table Rannalta From the beach Maalta From the land Mereltä Off the sea lähteä kalalta quit fishing (literally Quit the fish) lähteä maidolta stop drinking milk lähteä tupakalta stop smoking (in the sense of putting out the cigarette one is smoking now; literally Quit the tobacco) lähteä hippasilta quit the tag game (hippa=tag, olla hippasilla=playing tag) Azeri The ablative in Azeri (çıxışlıq hal) is expressed through the suffixes -dan or -dən. Examples: Ev - evdən House - from/off the house Aparmaq - aparmaqdan To carry - from/off carrying | ||||||||
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