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1610 - John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.

1687 - Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

1770 - Battle of Chesma and Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

1803 - The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).

1811 - Venezuela declares independence from Spain.

1813 - War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.

1814 - War of 1812: Battle of Chippewa - American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippewa, Ontario.

1830 - France invades Algeria.

1833 - Admiral Charles Napier defeats the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St. Vincent.

1865 - William Booth founds The Christian Mission (later renamed The Salvation Army).

1865 - President Abraham Lincoln establishes the Secret Service to combat counterfeiters.

1865 - The world's first maximum speed law is enacted in England.

1878 - The coat of arms of the Baku governorate was established.

1884 - Germany takes possession of Cameroon.

1934 - "Bloody Thursday" - Police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco.

1935 - The National Labor Relations Act, which governs labor relations in the United States, is signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1937 - Spam, the luncheon meat, was introduced into the market by the Hormel Foods Corporation.

1937 - Highest recorded temperature in Canada, at Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan: 45 °C.

1940 - World War II: The United Kingdom and the Vichy France government break off diplomatic relations.

1941 - World War II: German troops reach the Dniepr River.

1943 - World War II: Battle of Kursk - The largest tank battle in history begins.

1943 - World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails for Sicily (Operation Husky, July 10, 1943).

1945 - World War II: Liberation of the Philippines declared.

1946 - The bikini is introduced.

1947 - Larry Doby signs a contract with the Cleveland Indians baseball team, becoming the first black player in the American League. (Jackie Robinson had broken the color barrier with the Brooklyn Dodgers in the National League 11 weeks earlier.)

1948 - British National Health Service Act enacted.

1950 - Korean War: Task Force Smith - First clash between American and North Korean forces.

1950 - Zionism: The Knesset passes the Law of Return which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel.

1951 - William Shockley invents the junction transistor.

1954 - Elvis Presley has his first commercial recording session. He sang ''That's All Right (Mama)'' and Blue Moon of Kentucky. Widely considered to be the birth of Rock and Roll.

1954 - The BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin.

1954 - Andhra Pradesh High Court is established.

1958 - First ascent of Gasherbrum I, 11th highest peak on the earth.

1962 - Algeria becomes independent from France.

1970 - Air Canada Flight 621 crashes near Toronto International Airport killing 108 people.

1971 - Right to vote: the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.

1973 - Catastrophic BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) in Kingman, Arizona, following a fire that broke out as propane was being transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, kills 11 firefighters. This explosion has become a classic incident studied in fire department training programs worldwide.

1975 - Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win the Wimbledon singles title.

1975 - Cape Verde gains its independence from Portugal.

1977 - Military coup in Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto the very first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan overthrown.

1982 - NBC's experiment in late-night news programming, NBC News Overnight, debuts.

1987 - First instance of the LTTE using suicide attacks on Sri Lankan Army. The Black Tigers are born and in the following years continue to use it to deadly effect.

1989 - Iran-Contra Affair: Oliver North is sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service.

1989 - The sitcom Seinfeld aired its first episode.

1994 - The United States announced it would refuse further unrestricted immigration from Haiti.

1998 - Japan launches a probe to Mars, and thus joins the United States and Russia as a space exploring nation.

2004 - First Indonesian presidential election by the nation.

2006 - North Korea launched at least two short-range Nodong-2 missiles, one SCUD missile and one long-range Taepodong-2 missile.

2006 - Emergency United Nations Security Council meeting held at the U.N in New York City because of the North Korean missile tests a day before.

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1586 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (d. 1647)

1653 - Thomas Pitt, British Governor of Madras (d. 1726)

1675 - Mary Walcott, American accuser at the Salem witch trials

1717 - Pedro III of Portugal, consort of Maria I of Portugal (d. 1786)

1718 - Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, Viceroy of Ireland (d. 1794)

1794 - Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist (d. 1851)

1801 - David Farragut, American naval commander (d. 1870)

1810 - P.T. Barnum, American circus owner (d. 1891)

1841 - William C. Whitney, American financier (d. 1904)

1853 - Cecil Rhodes, South African politician (d. 1902)

1860 - Robert Bacon, American politician (d. 1919)

1879 - Wanda Landowska, Polish harpsichordist (d. 1959)

1880 - Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (d. 1940)

1886 - Willem Drees, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1988)

1888 - Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)

1889 - Jean Cocteau, French writer (d. 1963)

1890 - Frederick Lewis Allen, American social historian (d. 1954)

1891 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)

1901 - Sergey Obraztsov, Soviet puppet master (d. 1992)

1902 - Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., American diplomat (d. 1985)

1904 - Harold Acton, American writer and dilettante (d. 1994)

1904 - Milburn Stone, American actor (d. 1980)

1911 - Georges Pompidou, President of France (d. 1974)

1918 - George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)

1924 - János Starker, Hungarian cellist

1928 - Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)

1928 - Pierre Mauroy, Prime Minister of France

1928 - Katherine Helmond, American actress

1932 - Billy Laughlin, American actor (d. 1948)

1935 - John Gilmore (writer), American true crime author

1936 - Shirley Knight, American actress

1936 - James Mirrlees, Scottish economist, Nobel Prize laureate

1939 - Booker Edgerson, American football player

1943 - Curt Blefary, baseball player (d. 2001)

1943 - Robbie Robertson, Canadian guitarist (The Band)

1950 - Huey Lewis, American musician

1950 - Michael Monarch, American guitarist (Steppenwolf)

1951 - Rich Gossage, baseball player

1955 - Peter McNamara, Australia tennis player

1957 - David Hanson, politician

1957 - Doug Wilson, Canadian hockey player

1958 - Tzipi Livni, Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel

1958 - Bill Watterson, American cartoonist

1960 - Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor

1961 - Isabelle Poulenard, French soprano

1963 - Edie Falco, American actress

1966 - Kathryn Erbe, American actress

1966 - Gianfranco Zola, Italian footballer

1968 - Nardwuar the Human Serviette, Canadian journalist

1968 - Alex Zülle, Swiss cyclist

1969 - John LeClair, American hockey player

1969 - RZA, American rapper

1970 - Mac Dre, American rapper (d. 2004)

1973 - Marcus Allbäck, Swedish footballer

1974 - Márcio Amoroso, Brazilian footballer

1975 - Hernán Crespo, Argentinian footballer

1976 - Mike DeWolf, American guitarist (Taproot)

1976 - Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer

1976 - Marina Dias, Brazilian model

1976 - Bizarre, American rapper

1977 - Royce Da 5'9", American rapper

1979 - Stiliyan Petrov, Bulgarian footballer

1979 - Shane Filan, Irish musician (Westlife)

1979 - Amélie Mauresmo, French tennis player

1980 - Jason Wade, American musician (Lifehouse)

1980 - Eva Green, French actress

1981 - Jesse Crain, Canadian-born baseball player

1982 - Alberto Gilardino, Italian footballer

1985 - Stephanie McIntosh, Australian actress

1991 - Jason Dolley, American actor

1996 - Dolly the sheep, first cloned mammal (d. 2003)

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1316 - Infante Ferdinand of Majorca (b. 1278)

1375 - Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)

1472 - Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (b. 1394)

1539 - St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)

1666 - Albert VI of Bavaria (b. 1584)

1676 - Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)

1715 - Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1659)

1719 - Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, Irish general (b. 1641)

1773 - Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)

1833 - Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (b. 1765)

1859 - Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist (b. 1777)

1862 - Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist (b. 1800)

1904 - Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1845)

1908 - Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (b. 1833)

1920 - Max Klinger, German artist (b. 1857)

1927 - Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1853)

1932 - Sasha Cherny, Russian poet (b. 1880)

1945 - John Curtin, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)

1948 - Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888)

1957 - Charles Sherwood Noble, American-born inventor

1965 - Porfirio Rubirosa, Dominican diplomat and international playboy (b. 1909)

1966 - George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)

1969 - Walter Gropius, German architect (b. 1883)

1969 - Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (b. 1884)

1975 - Otto Skorzeny, German commando who rescued Benito Mussolini (b. 1908)

1983 - Harry James, American musician (b. 1916)

1991 - Howard Nemerov, American poet (b. 1920)

1996 - Erik Wickberg, The Salvation Army general (b. 1904)

1998 - Sid Luckman, American football player (b. 1916)

2002 - Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (b. 1924)

2002 - Ted Williams, baseball player (b. 1918)

2003 - Roman Lyashenko, Russian hockey player (b. 1979)

2004 - Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)

2004 - Rodger Ward, American race car driver (b. 1921)

2005 - James Stockdale, U.S. Navy vice admiral (b. 1923)

2006 - Kenneth Lay, American businessman and convicted criminal (b. 1942)

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Venezuela: Independence Day (1811).

Algeria: Independence Day (1962).

Cape Verde: Independence Day (1975).

Armenia: Constitution Day (1995)

Czech Republic and Slovakia: Arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Great Moravia (around 863).

Isle of Man: Tynwald Day (1266).

Church of the SubGenius: X-Day (1998).

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Liturgical feasts

Saint Antonio Maria Zaccaria, priest common (died 1539)
Saint Domitian (Donation, Dominic), bishop, confessor, or martyr Bruges
Saint Jacutus, abbot, confessor Tours
Saint Nicomedes, martyr
Saint Numerianus, bishop (of Trier), confessor Trier
Saint Paul, bishop of Sens Sens
Saint Peter of Luxemburg, bishop of Metz, cardinal, confessor
Saint Wendelin, confessor Strassburg, Trier (Translation)
Saint Catherine, virgin, martyr (Translation) Regensburg
Saint Cyrilla
Saint Dominica Paris, as Dominic
Saint Edana, virgin
Saint Modwena
Saint Zoe (died 286)