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Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

Civil War:

January 4 – Titus Labienus bloodly defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.

February 6 – Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba at Thapsus.

April 20 – Cicero, in Rome, writes to Varro "If our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and serve our country through our writings, concentrating on questions of ethics and constitutional law."

September 26 - Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to his mythical ancestor Venus Genetrix in fulfilment of a vow he made at the battle of Pharsalus.

November – Caesar leaves for Farther Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance.

Caesar is elected Pontifex Maximus for life, and reforms the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The transitional year is extended to 445 days to synchronize the new calendar and the seasonal cycle. The Julian Calendar would remain the standard in the western world for over 1600 years, until superseded by the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.

Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir.

Caesar subdues a mutiny of his Tenth Legion.

Caesar celebrates his Gallic Triumph, after which Vercingetorix is executed.

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Marcus Porcius Cato, the younger commits suicide after the battle of Thapsus

Metellus Scipio (Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Cornelianus Scipio Nasica) killed at the battle of Thapsus while his forces attempt to surrender.

Vercingetorix, Gaul leader