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1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

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January 26 - Michigan is the 26th state admitted to the United States of America

February 7 God spoke to Florence Nightingale

March 4 - Martin Van Buren succeeds Andrew Jackson as the President of the United States of America

March 4 - City Of Chicago, Illinois Incorporated

June 11 - The Broad Street Riot occurred in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by racial tensions between Irish-Americans and English-Americans.

June 20 - Queen Victoria, monarch of the United Kingdom ascends to the throne

July 29 - Spanish government auctions the church property

August 16 - Dutch sack of the fortress of Bonjol, ending the Padri War

November 7 - American abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy is killed by a proslavery mob

In the Canadas, William Lyon Mackenzie leads the Upper Canada Rebellion and Louis-Joseph Papineau leads the Lower Canada Rebellion

At Le Mans, France, Father Basil Moreau, CSC founds the Congregation of Holy Cross by joining the Brothers of St. Joseph and the Auxiliary Priests of Le Mans.

Louis Daguerre develops Daguerreotype

Samuel Morse patents telegraph

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January 2 - Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (d. 1910)

February 5 - Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (d. 1899)

March 1 - William Dean Howells, American writer, historian, editor, and politician (d. 1920)

March 7 - Henry Draper, American physician and astronomer (d. 1882)

March 18 - Grover Cleveland, President of the United States (d. 1908)

March 23 - Charles Wyndham, English actor and theatrical manager (d. 1919)

April 5 - Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet (d. 1909)

April 17 - John Pierpont Morgan, American financier and banker (d. 1913)

April 21 - Fredrik Bajer, Danish politician and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1922)

May 9 - Adam Opel, German engineer and industrialist (d. 1895)

May 27 - Wild Bill Hickok, American gunfighter (d. 1876)

May 28 - George Ashlin, Irish Architect (d. 1921)

June 22 - Paul Morphy, American chess player (d. 1884)

June 22 - Paul Bachmann, German mathematician (d. 1920)

July 4 - Carolus-Duran, French painter (d. 1917)

July 18 - Vasil Levski, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1873)

August 24 - Théodore Dubois, French composer (d. 1924)

September 16 - King Pedro V of Portugal (d. 1861)

November 14 - Lucas Barrett, English naturalist (d. 1862)

November 23 - Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923)

December 26 - George Dewey, U.S. naval officer (d. 1917)

Sarah Lockwood Pardee, American builder of the Winchester Mystery House (d. 1922)

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January 20 - John Soane, British architect (b. 1753)

January 23 - John Field, Irish composer (b. 1782)

February 7 - Gustav IV Adolf, ex-King of Sweden (b. 1778)

February 10 - Alexander Pushkin, Russian author (b. 1799)

February 19, Georg Büchner, German playwright (b. 1813)

March 31 - John Constable, English painter (b. 1776)

April 28 - Joseph Souham, French general (b. 1760)

June 14 - Giacomo Leopardi, Italian writer (b. 1798)

June 20 - King William IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1765)

October 5 - Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland and mother of Napoleon III of France (b. 1783)

November 7 - Elijah P. Lovejoy, American abolitionist (b. 1809)

December 13 - Saint Herman of Alaska