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January 7 - Johann Philipp Reis, German physicist and inventor (d. 1874)

January 13 - John Mason Cook, after whom JMC Air is named (d. ?)

February 8 - Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist (d. 1907)

February 9 - Felix Dahn, German author (d. 1912)

February 16 - Ernst Haeckel, German zoologist and philosopher (d. 1919)

March 16 - James Hector, Scottish geologist (d. 1907)

March 17 - Gottlieb Daimler, German engineer and inventor (d. 1900)

March 20 - Charles W. Eliot, American President of Harvard University (d. 1926)

March 23 - Julius Reubke, German composer (d. 1858).

March 24 - William Morris, English pet and artist (d. 1896)

March 24 - John Wesley Powell, American explorer (d. 1902)

April 1 - Big Jim Fisk, American entrepreneur (d. 1872)

April 2 - Frédéric Bartholdi, French sculptor (d. 1904)

May 23 - Carl Heinrich Bloch, Danish sculptor (d. 1890)

June 19 - Charles Spurgeon, English Baptist preacher (d. 1892)

July 10 - James McNeill Whistler, American painter and etcher (d. 1903)

July 19 - Edgar Degas, French painter (d. 1917)

August 4 - John Venn, British mathematician (d. 1923)

August 22 - Samuel Pierpont Langley, American astronomer, physicist, and aeronautics pioneer (d. 1906)

August 31 - Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (d. 1886)

September 9 - Joseph Henry Shorthouse, English novelist (d. 1903)

October 8 - Walter Kittredge, American composer (d. 1905)

December 16 - Léon Walras, French economist (d. 1910)

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January 12 - William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1759)

January 17 - Giovanni Aldini, Italian physicist (b. 1762)

February 2 - Lorenzo Dow, American minister (b. 1777)

February 12 - Friedrich Schleiermacher, German theologian (b. 1768)

March 2 - José Cecilo del Valle, first President of Central America (b. 1780)

April 5 - Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Goodwin Keats Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1757)

April 10 - John 'Merino' MacArthur, Australian farmer (b. 1767)

April 11 - John 'Mad Jack' Fuller, English philanthropist and patron of the arts and sciences (b. 1757)

May 20 - Marquis de la Fayette, French nobleman and soldier (b. 1757)

July 12 - David Douglas, Scottish botanist (b. 1799)

July 14 - Edmond Charles Genêt, French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution (b. 1763)

July 19 - Károly Hadaly, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1743)

July 25 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English writer (b. 1772)

August 1 - Robert Morrison, Scottish Protestant missionary to China (b. 1782)

August 7 - Joseph Marie Jacquard, French inventor (b. 1752)

August 17 - Husein Gradaščević, Bosnian rebel leader (b. 1802)

September 2 - Thomas Telford, Scottish engineer (b. 1757)

September 9 - James Weddell, Antarctic explorer (b. 1787)

September 16 - William Blackwood, English writer (b. 1776)

September 24 - Pedro I of Brazil (b. 1798)

October 8 - François-Adrien Boïeldieu, French composer (b. 1775)

October 11 - William John Napier, 9th Lord Napier, British Navy officer, politician and diplomat (b. 1786)

December 23 - Thomas Malthus, English economist and political philosopher (b. 1766)

December 27 - Charles Lamb, English essayist (b. 1775)