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1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).

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January 3, Britain invades the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.

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August 12 - 350 settlers established the city of Chicago at the estuary of the Chicago river

August 29 - UK: Factory Act, limiting Child labor

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September 29, the infant Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War.

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November 12-13 - Stars Fell on Alabama: A spectacular occurrence of the Leonid meteor shower that was observed in Alabama.

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December 14, assassination of Kaspar Hauser, dies three days later on December 17

Charles Babbage described his analytical engine. (see also history of computing hardware)

The dawn of biochemistry: discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, by Anselme Payen.

The British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act giving all slaves in the British Empire their freedom (enacted 1834).

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January 1 - Robert Lawson, New Zealand architect (d. 1902)

February 11 - Melville Weston Fuller, 8th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (d. 1910)

February 19 - Élie Ducommun, Swiss journalist and activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1906)

February 25 - John St. John, American temperance movement leader (d. 1916)

February 28 - Alfred von Schlieffen, German field marshal (d. 1913)

May 7 - Johannes Brahms, German composer (d. 1897)

July 27 - Thomas George Bonney, English geologist (d. 1923)

August 20 - Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (d. 1901)

September 20 - Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1918)

October 21 - Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor of dynamite, creator of the Nobel Prize (d. 1896)

November 6 - Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (d. 1908)

November 9 - Émile Gaboriau, French writer (d. 1873)

November 12 - Alexander Borodin, Russian composer (d. 1887)

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Francis Anstie, British physician and medical researcher (d. 1874)

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January 10 - Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician (b. 1752)

January 23 - Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, British admiral (b. 1757)

April 7 - Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish politician (b. 1775)

April 22 - Richard Trevithick, English inventor (b. 1771)

May 15 - Edmund Kean, British actor (b. 1787)

June 2 - Simon Byrne, Irish prize fighter (b. 1806)

July 2 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentine leader (b. 1757)

July 5 - Nicéphore Niépce, French photography pioneer (b. 1765)

September 27 - Roy, Ram Mohan, Hindu reformer (b. 1772)

September 29 - King Ferdinand VII of Spain (b. 1784)

October 16 - Andrei Bolotov, Russian agriculturalist and memoirist (b. 1738)

November 23 - Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, French marshal (b. 1762)

Ninian Edwards, Governor of Illinois and Senator from Illinois (b. 1775)