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January 4 - France: The Vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France.

January 22 - UK: The Duke of Wellington succeeds Lord Goderich as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

April 11 - Foundation of Bahia Blanca

May 26 - Feral child: Kaspar Hauser is discovered in Nuremberg, Germany.

June 23 - Portugal: King Miguel I overthrows his niece Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars.

August 27 – South America: Brazil and Argentina recognize the independence of Uruguay.

September 29 - Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: Varna is taken by the Russian army.

December 3 - U.S. presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States.

Science: Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes Urea, disproving a cornerstone of vitalism.

Treaty of Turkamanchai: Russia captures Eastern Armenia from Persia.

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February 8 - Jules Verne, French author (d. 1905)

March 18 - William Randal Cremer, English politician and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1908)

March 20 - Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (d. 1906)

May 8 - Jean Henri Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1910)

May 8 - Sharbel Makhluf, Lebanese monk canonized in 1977 by Pope Paul VI (d. 1898)

May 12 - Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (d. 1882)

July 9 - Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian Catholic churchman (d. 1913)

August 6 - Andrew Taylor Still, father of osteopathy (d. 1917)

August 17 - Maria Deraismes, French feminist (d. 1894)

September 9 (N.S.); August 28 (O.S.) - Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1910)

October 20 - Horatio Spafford, author of the hymn "It is Well with my Soul" (d. 1888)

October 31 - Joseph Swan, English physicist and chemist (d. 1914)

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Clinton B. Fisk, American temperance movement leader (d. 1890)

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January 10 - François de Neufchâteau, French statesman and intellectual figure (b. 1750)

April 16 - Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (b. 1746)

May 8 - Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (b. 1781)

May 16 - William Congreve, British rocket pioneer (b. 1772)

July 15 - Jean Antoine Houdon, French sculptor (b. 1741)

November 5 - Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg, Empress of Paul I of Russia (b. 1759)

November 19 - Franz Schubert, Austrian composer (b. 1797)

December 4 - Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1770)

December 22 - William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (b. 1766)

December 22 - Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson, wife of U.S. President Andrew Jackson (b. 1767)

Charles Manners-Sutton, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1755)