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February 14 - Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister

February 21 - - The premiere in London of George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson.

September 13 - Treaty of Worms (1743) - a treaty between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia

Battle of Dettingen

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War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

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January 25 - Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, German philosopher (died 1819)

February 13 - Sir Joseph Banks, British naturalist and botanist (died 1820)

February 19 - Luigi Boccherini, Italian composer (died 1805)

February 23 - Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German-born banker (died 1812)

March 4 - Johann David Wyss, Swiss author (died 1818)

April 13 - Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (died 1826)

May 17 - Seth Warner American revolutionary hero (died 1784)

August 26 - Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (died 1794)

September 11 - Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard, Danish painter (died 1809)

September 17 - Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher, and political scientist (died 1794)

December 23 - Ippolit Bogdanovich, Russian poet (died 1803)

José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, Spanish viceroy of Peru (died 1821)

Károly Hadaly, Hungarian mathematician (died 1834)

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January 29 - Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, chief minister of France under Louis XV (born 1653)

January 29 - Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre, French writer (born 1658)

February 18 - Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, last of the Medicis (born 1667)

April 4 - Daniel Neal, English historian (born 1678)

July 2 - Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, second Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

August 5 - John Hervey, Lord Hervey, English statesman and writer (born 1696)

September 14 - Nicolas Lancret, French painter (born 1690)

September 21 - Jai Singh II, King of Amber-Juiper, India (born 1688)

October 4 - John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, Scottish soldier (born 1678)

December 27 - Hyacinthe Rigaud, French painter (born 1659)