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January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. A precursor to English Civil War.

March 1 - Georgeana, Massachusetts (now known as York, Maine) becomes the first incorporated city in America

March 19 - the citizens of Galway seize an English naval ship, close the town gates and declare support for Confederate Ireland.

May 17 - Sieur de Maisonneuve founds the Ville Marie de Montréal.

July - Charles I besieges Hull in an attempt to gain control of its arsenal.

August 4 - Lord Forbes relieves Forthill and besieges Galway.

August 22 - King Charles I raised the royal battle standard over Nottingham Castle, so declaring war on his own Parliament.

September 7 - Lord Forbes raises his unsuccessful siege of Galway.

September 8 - Thomas Granger executed by hanging at Plymouth, Massachusetts for confessing to numerous acts of bestiality.

October 23 - Battle of Edgehill the first pitched battle of the First English Civil War.

November 24 - Abel Tasman becomes the first European to discover the island Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania).

The Dutch drive Spain from Taiwan.

Abel Tasman achieves the first recorded European sighting of New Zealand.

Blaise Pascal produces a mechanical adding machine (the "Pascaline").

First Battle of Lostwithiel.

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier brings the Hope diamond to Europe.

Puritans close all theaters in England.

Peter Stuyvesant becomes the governor of Curaçao

Bro/broo in Sweden is granted the city rights for the second time and takes the name Kristinehamn.

Rembrandt Harmenzoon van Rijn finishes his painting "The Night Watch".

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January 2 - Mehmed IV, Ottoman Sultan (died 1693)

February 18 - Marie Champmeslé, French actress (died 1698)

April 15 - Suleiman II, Ottoman Sultan (died 1691)

June 20 - George Hickes, English minister and scholar (died 1715)

August 14 - Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1723)

December 6 - Johann Christoph Bach, German composer (died 1703)

December 25 (O.S.) - Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist (died 1727)

December 30 - Vicenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (died 1707)

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January 8 - Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist (born 1564)

February 7 - William Bedell, English clergyman (born 1571)

April 30 - Dmitry Pozharsky, Russian prince (born 1578)

July 3 - Marie de' Medici, queen of Henry IV of France (born 1573)

August 18 - Guido Reni, Italian painter (born 1575)

September 12 - Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars, French conspirator (born 1620)

October 24 - Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey Fen drainage adventurer and soldier (born 1583)

November 1 - Jean Nicolet, French explorer (born 1598)

November 7 - Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester, English politician (born c. 1563)

December 4 - Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman (born 1585)