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See also 1600 (number), 1600s

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January 1 - Scotland adopts January 1st as being New Year's Day

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February 17 - Giordano Bruno burned at the stake for heresy in Rome

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July 2 - Battle of Nieuwpoort: Dutch forces under Maurice of Nassau defeat Spanish forces under Archduke Albert of Austria in a battle on the coastal dunes.

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October 6 - Jacopo Peri's Euridice, the earliest surviving Opera, is premiered in Florence.

October 8 - San Marino gains its written constitution.

October 21 - Battle of Sekigahara in Japan, in which Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated Ishida Mitsunari, setting the stage for the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate. End of the Azuchi-Momoyama period and beginning of the Edo period.

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December 14 - Spanish galleon San Diego is sunk off the Philippines

December 31 - Royal charter incorporates the British East India Company in London

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Sumo Wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan.

William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream is first performed.

William Gilbert publishes De Magnete which describes the Earth's magnetic field and is the beginning of modern Geomagnetism.

Fabritio Caroso's Nobiltà de dame is published.

Battle of Suceava - Prince Sigismund Bathory of Transylvania is defeated by the Voivode Michael the Brave of Moldavia as part of the internecine conflict in Hungary and the Danubian Principalities.

Ulster chieftains with the lead of Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, resist English reconquest of Ireland

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January 1 - Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian (d. 1649)

January 17 - Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish playwright (died 1681)

January 28 - Pope Clement IX (died 1669)

February 2 - Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (died 1653)

November 19 - Leo Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (d. 1669)

November 19 - King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (died 1649)

Jonas Bronck, Swedish colonist in America (died 1643)

Edmund Calamy the Elder, English presbyterian (died 1666)

Piaras Feiritéar, Irish language poet (died 1653)

Gheorghe Ghica, Prince of Wallachia (died 1664)

Marin le Roy de Gomberville, French poet and novelist (died 1674)

Samuel Gorton, English sectary (died 1677)

Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet, English Royalist leader (died 1658)

Peter Heylin, English ecclesiastical writer (died 1662)

Antoine de Laloubère, French Jesuit mathematician (died 1664)

John Ogilby, English writer and cartographer (died 1676)

Anna Alojza Ostrogska, Polish noblewoman (died 1654)

William Prynne, English puritan politician (died 1669)

Samuel Rutherford, Scottish theologian and controversialist (died 1660)

Brian Walton, English divine and scholar (died 1661)

Tokugawa Yoshinao, Japanese nobleman (died 1650)

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February 13 - Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (b. 1538)

February 17 - Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher (burned at the stake) (born 1548)

July 17 - Hosokawa Gracia, Japanese noblewoman (born 1563)

September 1 - Tadeáš Hájek, Czech physician and astronomer (born 1525)

September 26 - Claude Le Jeune, French composer (born 1530)

October 12 - Luis Molina, Spanish Jesuit (b. 1535)

October 21 - Toda Katsushige, Japanese warlord (born 1557)

November 3 - Richard Hooker, Anglican theologian (born 1554)

November 6 - Ishida Mitsunari, Japanese feudal lord (decapitated) (born 1560)

November 6 - Konishi Yukinaga, Japanese Christian warlord (born 1555)

November 8 - Natsuka Masaie, Japanese warlord (born 1562)

November 17 - Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander (born 1542)

Jose de Acosta, Spanish Jesuit missionary and naturalist (born 1540)

Thomas Deloney, English writer (born 1543)

Abe Masakatsu, Japanese nobleman (born 1541)

Thomas Nashe, English pamphleteer (born 1567)

Nicholas Remy, French Catholic priest (born 1534)

John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, Scottish conspirator (born 1577)

Mizuno Tadashige, Japanese nobleman (born 1541)

Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (born 1537)