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January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.

January 22 - Emperor Charles V opens the Diet of Worms.

January 28 - Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25.

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March 6 - Ferdinand Magellan discovers Guam.

March 16 - Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines.

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April 7 - Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.

April 16 - 18 - Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the German Diet of Worms.

April 26 - Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for a year - he is rumored to be murdered but really is in hiding.

April 27 - Magellan killed in the Philippines.

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May - Outbreak of war between Emperor Charles and the King of France.

May 17 - Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.

May 20 - Battle of Pampeluna.

May 25 - The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.

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June 29 or June 30 - the first document fully written in Romanian: the letter of Neacşu, a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Braşov, warning that the Ottoman Empire was preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used was Romanian Cyrillic.

June 30 - Battle of Esquiroz: French forces under Henri d'Albret, exiled King of Navarre, are defeated by the Spanish and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.

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August 8 - Hernán Cortés and allied local Indians defeat Aztec forces of Cuauhtémoc, the last Aztec Emperor, in the Battle of Tenochtitlan.

August 13 - Emperor Cuauhtémoc surrenders to Hernán Cortés.

August 23 - Christian II of Denmark is deposed as king of Sweden and Gustav Vasa is elected regent.

August 29 - Capture of Belgrade by the Ottoman army of Suleiman I after a brave resistance.

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November 23 - Spanish-German-Papal forces under Prosper Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.

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Berengairo da Garbi notices the appendix.

Neacsu's Letter, the oldest surviving Romanian document, was written.

San Juan Bautista is founded in the Puerto Rican archipielago.

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March 21 - Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1553)

May 8 - Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit (d. 1597)

August 4 - Pope Urban VII (d. 1590)

December 1 - Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (d. 1573)

December 13 - Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590)

Anne Askew, English protestant martyr (d. 1546)

John Aylmer, English divine (d. 1594)

Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (d. 1565)

Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (d. 1586)

Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (d. 1603)

Thomas Wyatt the younger, English rebel (d. 1554)

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April 20 - Zhengde Emperor of China (b. 1491)

April 27 - Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer (born c1480)

May 10 - Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (b. 1457)

May 17 - Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (executed) (born 1478)

June 15 - Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1442)

August 27 - Josquin Des Prez, Flemish composer (born c1450)

December 1 - Pope Leo X (born 1475)

December 13 - King Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469)

Piero di Cosimo, Italian artist (b. 1462)

Leonardo Loredano, Doge of Venice (b. 1436)

Edward Poyning, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (b. 1459)

Juan Ponce de León, Spanish conquistador (b. 1460)

Stephen Hawes, English poet (b. 1502)